How Factors Perpetuate Violent Crimes Against Women Criminology Essay

How Factors Perpetuate Violent Crimes Against Wo manpower Criminology EssayThis essay exit probe how single, social, and cultural factors ca utilisation and perpetuate unwarranted law-breakings against women. These three elements crap created a gendered inverse force-out notification with in confederacy that permeates into a numerosity of social phenomenon and in fact has been the primary factors in forming the order of fountain with in society. Through individual, social, and cultural factors, power maximization has become more(prenominal) and more more conglomerate with in human civilizations. These complexities ar due to a number of various social factors that influence humans on an individual and collective scale. This essay is a skeleton com military strength summarizing ph every(prenominal)ic onset against female person victims, particularly cozy military group and physical assaults, that look for to reenforce the inverse power intercourse amidst the t wo genders. First, a drawing background from a constructionist perspective exit be presented to convince the commentator of the severity of internal craze and physical assaults. past this essay entrust explore individual, social, and cultural theories that attempt to formulate the causes of violent disgusts against women. Fin all told toldy, this essay will get by that when there is genuine pertainity among females and males, gender crime will decrease.Within the social sciences, especially with statistical reporting, there is almost(prenominal) controversy on the frequency and severity of this almost one-way pass in gender craze. According to Harway and ONeil (1999, p. 5) approximately three to four cardinal women atomic number 18 victims of gender violence each year in the unite States. However, because the majority of female informal assault victims know their attackers, the victim is a lot too scared or embarrassed to report the crime and consequently the likelihood of prosecution decreases (Jones 2006, p. 443). Statistics reflect only crimes reported to the police. So therefore, Harway and ONeils (1999, p. 5) melodic theme of three to four million female victims a year whitethorn be an underestimate. One study even suggests that fewer than 30% of rape crimes are reported to the police (Rennison 2009). Prior to the 1970s, the law required substantial leaven of an alleged rape in corroboration with a convincing good word because of the common teach that women oft falsely reported being sexuallyassaulted as a form of retri onlyion against a man. Although the law has changed and this belief is not as common in todays society, sexualassault victims often feel stigmatized by the supposition of not having enough proof to pronounce an assailant, leaving them to feel embarrassed about the possibility of having a certification rejected in court (Rennison 2009). Also prior to the 1970s feminist movement, gender inequalities were much more overt and explicit and it falsely maintain that males are superior to females (Henslin J. 2006, pp. 264-247). This paradigm has constructed a social relationship between females and males in every aspect of life that lavatory still be identified today. That is because it has encapsulated all social institutions, including politics, civil life, and economics, among others.Patriarchy, a society in which authority is vested in males, is a near universal human phenomenon that develops adversarial relationships between genders (Kottak 1997, p. 241). These patriarchic societies allow for the socialization of a distorted gender-role that has historically resulted in gender oppression, denial of basic human in force(p)s, and crime against women (White Haines 2008, p. 108). It can, therefore, be reason that because patriarchy has become a norm in society, sexism and inverse power relations among the genders are, for the most part, imperceptible and near universal (ed. Cunneen 2008 , pp. 291-302). Anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists have widely agreed that there is substantial evidence from proto-humans and other order Primates that male sexual coercion and female resistance to it suggest that sexual conflicts underlie patriarchy (Smuts 1995, pp. 1-32).With this in mind, it is evident that adversarial relationships between genders are profoundly rooted into human biology, human evolutionary past, and is reflected in the contemporary construct of culture. Although this whitethorn be true, genetics and evolutionary processes alone do not dictate human choice. However, genetics and evolutionary processes have universally constructed culture, which in turn impose norms on how humans interact with each other, which includes sexual violence and physical assaults (Smuts 1995, pp. 1-32).The manner in which culture has been constructed and the common patterns of behavior in society is a major cause of criminal sexual go on, overarching all other theoretic al explanations. The adversarial relationship between genders is extremely complex andmultiple levels of explanations are necessary to link developmental and biological characteristics, personalities, sub-cultural variations, and economics, social, political, and confederacy dimensions (Miller 1996, p. 208).Although it is important to examine this social trouble from multiple theoretical perspectives, because of the briefness of this essay, I will only elaborate on constructionism, feminism, and social acquirement opening.Feminist sociologists have frequently used constructivism, symbolic interactionism and conflict theory to explain violence against women. Feminism fundamentally argues that there is a morphological and institutional division between genders, including unequal pay, education, and legal and political inequalities, among others. Interactionist feminists argue that men are socialized to display strength and virility but because there is an inverse power relation a mong the genders, men turn violent against women (Henslin 2006, p. 273-274). Research has gageed this theory by explaining that aggressive men who hear power ascendency accept the stereotypes that characterize women as timid and passive, which arouse them an ideal order (White Haines 2008, p. 124). Feminists that have used conflict theory to explain criminal sexual conduct argue that because men are losing occult power in society, some men turn violently against women as a way to reassert their declining power (Henslin 2006, p. 273-274). While other feminists use conflict theory to explain that, the structural system of a society and its norms reflect the interests and values of the powerful elite, which are primarily men (White Haines 2008, p. 91). Because these norms esteem patriarchy, male intra-group coalition is maintained, ca apply out-group enmity and prevents women from obtaining an equal social position. Therefore, crimes that target females are the result of socia l and cultural patterns of maintaining that inverse power relation between the genders (ed. Cunneen 2008, pp.291-302). This fallaciously reinforces the stereotype that women cannot achieve positions of power and are easy targets. cordial tuition theory assumes that deviant behavior is acquired through new experience or through observation of others behaviors, preferences, or values (Ellis 1989 Akers, R. 2009). Social learning theory also examines reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral and environmental determinants (Bandura 1977, vii). Many proponents of this theory argue that learning is greatly influenced by the pot whom an individual decides to differentially associate with, regardless if the interaction occurs directly or indirectly, because people tend to imitate others. This is especially true when there are little or no social consequences (Ellis 1989 Akers, R. 2009). Male aggression against women is thought to be sustained through conglomerate forms of inte rmittent reinforcement from various sources. For example, family members and peers, an individuals culture and subculture, and the mass media may all contribute by teaching methods of expressing aggression, which was then followed by little or no social stigmatisation (Ellis 1989, pp. 12-14). A sexual aggressor, therefore, may associate sex and violence by learning from sources much(prenominal) as violent pornography and then attempt to model those rape scenes or other acts of violence against women and then reside little or no consequences (Ellis 1989, pp. 12-14).This paper has thus far provided a brief over-view of social constructionist, feminist, and social learning theory perspectives. Now, this paper will describe the social impacts and social results to violence against women. Many of the points that will be presented will come from the said theories to further substantiate their position when transaction with violence against women. Social receptions from feminists have particularly been a strong representative against female victimization. Gendered crimes have an extensive array of social impacts and consequences, which includes reinforcing male dominance in society, gender inequalities and stratification, and generational consequences, among others.From this authors perspective, the definition of violent crime against women, such as rape and physical assault, is legal in that it is a intrusion of a semi-universal federal state law and it is natural because it is a entrancement of human consciousness and basic human rights. As a response to the global phenomenon of gendered crimes, the legal etymology of violence against women has changed dramatically over time from different nations to different states (Fulcher, Alesha, Emily 2008). For example, prior to the feminist movement in the 1970s, in all U.S. states, laws exempted a husband from being prosecuted for forcing their spouse to have sex against their will. advanced laws now include sexu al assault and spousal sophisticate, regardless of who the assailant and victim is (Fulcher, et al. 2008). The United Nations (1993) has defined violence against women as,any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological aggrieve or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.This, in a very general sense, characterizes the contemporary consensus of the global society on the bailiwick of violence against women.These positive changes, however, have not been met with widespread positive consequences. As mentioned earlier, some feminist theorists argue that because men are losing dominate power in society, some men turn violently against women as a way to reassert their declining power (Henslin 2006, p. 273-274). In fact, ONeil and Harway (1999) claim that recent changes in gender equation have produced a fear in some men that the natural order of society is being repressed. These men symbolise what they think is a defining quality of manhood through vocal aggression and violence in an attempt to preserve their natural right over women. Patriarchal values and beliefs about male dominance and female subordination reinforce a gender inverse power relation that permeates into a multiplicity of social phenomenon.The World Health brass section (2009) has think Violence against women is a major public health problem and a violation of human rights. When aggressive men violate women to maintain their prejudiced advantage women may display eating disorders, depression, passivity, submission, tinctures of inferiority, dependence, and sacrificing personal needs for others (Nutt 1999, pp. 117-134). These feeling restrict women from seeking help and prevent them from leaving an abusive relationship. As the aggressive-submissive behaviors underwrite, women internalize oppression, which results in mental, s exual, reproductive, and maternal health problems (Nutt 1999, pp. 117-134 The World Health Organization 2009). These feelings also restrict women from taking risks, for instance academic achievements, career progression, intercommunicate for a salary increase, and socialization. These feelings perpetuate the problem because of the continued dependence on an abusive spouse (Nutt 1999, pp. 117-134). However, there is a strong association between status inconsistency, status incompatibility, and gendered abuse. Thus, a woman may increase her chances of abuse if she obtains greater occupational, academic, or financial achievements than her male counterpart does. Some men believe that a successful woman has usurped their natural dominant position within the family and so they attempt to reassert their dominance by using violence or coercion (Gelles 1999 pp. 36-48). So therefore, some men will continue to be violence, regardless if a woman is successful or submissive.Since the 1970s, the academic conjunction has valuably contributed to appropriate response and prevention methods to decreasing mens violence against women. However, because of the sensitivity and deeply rooted nature of patriarchy and sexism, it is rather knotty to significantly minimize criminal sexual and abusive conduct. There is a rather long list of prevention methods suggested by the academic connection and to be most effective they must all work in corroboration with each other. These methods include, but are not limited to deinstitutionalization of patriarchy (Marin Russo 1999, pp. 18-35) academic, employment, financial equality for women (Nutt 1999, pp. 117-134) examination of how police handle domestic crime (Radford, Stanko 1989) examination of how medical examination and psychological practitioners handle treatment (Feder L. 1999) education of infantile children (O Neil Harway 1999 pp. 207-241) governments legal response (Ferraro 1989, pp. 155-184 Office of the status of women 1995 ) and the strengthening of women-women social collaboration (Silverstein 1999, pp. 81-83). This essay will briefly cover the deinstitutionalization of patriarchy, education of school-aged children, and governments legal response in more detail.As mentioned earlier, patriarchal values underpin all criminal sexual and abusive conduct, in so much that it may seem to some to be a part of everyday life. Eliminating male violence against females requires the elimination of a culture that establishes authority in males and prevents equal authority in females. O Neil and Harway (1999, p. 240) suggests that the old masculine paradigm can be replaced with new values, such as healthy emotionality, non-competitive relationships, empathy for others, friendships, and new concepts of power. strengthen alliances between women and men will help both genders take indebtedness for their actions and resist the ways of the old paradigm.Because violence against women is a societal problem that influence s everyone, community consultation, combined with discursive democracy and a cross-government approach, can be an effective method to target ad hoc communal problems by cut down gender-based violence. Public discussion and debate are an indispensable method to call down sensory faculty of the scale of the problem within the community. This will also configuration confidence in women that this issue is being addressed and dealt with proactively within their community (O Neil and Harway 1999, pp. 238-240). One technique the community consultation program can employ is designing school programs that educate children on how interpersonal violence occurs, its consequences, and prevention. These children may learn how to counter current gender stereotypes portrayed in the media and pop-culture. To come on diversity, the community consultation program should seek out the opinions and advise from school-aged children (O Neil and Harway 1999, pp. 238-240).Governments should be engage with all sectors of society to minimize criminal sexual conduct and violence against women, which includes providing information, community grants and medical care for victims, being involved in community engagement and specific social projects, and conduct legislative reforms that support gender equality. The British government has exerting a program that compels all governmental administrations into action in perspirations to prevent violence against women (HM Government 2009). One of the programs halt methods includes special training and services so that police, prosecutors, courts, protective services and discourse programs are able to work together to subdue violence against women. other aspect of the program is to establish a sexual assault referral focus on in every police station that can provide medical care, counseling, and gather forensic evidence. This model also includes efforts to reduce the demand for whoredom and overall make public space safer for women. It i s vitally necessary that all governments implement federal and state programs, similar to this one, in attempt to reduce violence against women on a national and international scale. Only a collective effort will be successful.As social scientists continue to provide information and explanations for male aggression and violence against female victims, the more people will accept that there is a genuine equality between females and males. As there is a growing concern and awareness for this issue, more community interventions will be created and government legal changes and insurance initiatives will continue to address the problem more affectively. As a result, sexual violence, physical assaults, and psychological abuse against women should degrees. This essay has provided a brief overview from multiple theoretical perspectives on the causation of male aggression and violence against female victims. It has also examined historical through contemporary responses and impacts of female victimization. Then this essay introduced a contemporary case study from Britain that has utilized specific prevention methods. The reoccurring theme has emphasized that only a collective effort among academics, community members, professionals, and the government will provide a successful effect in preventing male violence against women.