Occupational Health And Safety Practices Construction Essay

As mentioned in Chapter 1, the purpose of the study was to analyze the occupational wellness and safety patterns in topographic point at the Municipal Council of Port Louis, concentrating on the administrative cell. Correlating the consequences of the survey to the aims set, grounds shows that the existent wellness and safety patterns at the Council are really hapless and on the job conditions are in a distressing province. The first observation made is the deficiency of consciousness of respondents with respects to affairs associating to wellness and safety issues. For case, 72.6 % of the 84 respondents are non cognizant of the OSHA 2005, which sets out all the commissariats modulating wellness and safety at work ( Figure 1 ) . 77.4 % of the respondents are non cognizant of the Council ‘s Health and Safety Policy ( Figure ) . A Health and Safety Policy, as explained in Chapter 2, sets the way for the administration to follow on affairs associating to wellness and safety and demonstrates how aims of wellness and safety are integrated in the overall direction system. The two grounds that can explicate this state of affairs are: The involuntariness of employees to larn about the OSHA 2005 or the Council ‘s Health and Safety as they may non experience concerned by them these paperss were non communicated to the Staff of the Council as it can be observed that even 6.2 % of senior and 23.1 % of in-between directors are non cognizant of the Policy ( Figure ) . Health and safety does non fall to the full under the duty of direction. Under the OSHA, employees have the duties to larn about the commissariats of the statute law and to collaborate with direction in staying by the rules dependably. Besides, by non larning about the jurisprudence, they are seting themselves at hazard by non continuing good wellness and safety patterns in their day-to-day undertakings and direction can non be entirely blasted for any accidents, as dictated by the celebrated antediluvian Latin legal philosophy â€Å" Ignorantia juris non excusat † ( Ignorance of the jurisprudence does non pardon ) . However, ideally, direction should hold communicated the necessities of the Act to the employees, informing them of their rights and responsibilities. From the secondary information available, it was found out that the Council has a Health and Safety Policy which is dated back to 2002 ( Find at extension ) . It was besides found a Health and Safety Officer, who has late been appointed by the LGSC on a substantial footing has been posted at the Council. This was confirmed by the extremely positive response ( 88.1 % ) of the respondents ( Figure 5 ) . A 2nd observation made is the presence of physical jeopardies at the Council. This substantiates consequences found on the hapless conditions of the office environment ( Table ) . Harmonizing to 61 % of respondents, the edifice is in a distressing province. This can be explained by the fact that being a public establishment, it is really hard to happen financess for the building of new office edifices. However, edifices should hold been maintained on a regular footing. Harmonizing to Section 34 of the OSHA 2005, the office constructing demand to be of sound building, have a watertight roof, kept free from moistness and be decently maintained. Proper drainage system is needed. Therefore, it can be seen that the Council is non following with the jurisprudence. It was found that there is hapless airing ( 51.2 % ) and the uncomfortable temperature in the office ( 59.5 % ) can be explained by the hot clime in Port Louis. The office contains countless beginnings of air pollutants and therefore demands to be aerated on a regular footing to forestall diseases like the Legionnaires disease which occurs as a consequence of ill maintained airing systems. Management should imagine the installing of mechanical air conditioning, and modulate temperature to do workers comfy. High noise degrees are upseting to the concentration of respondents ( 52.4 % ) . As explained in the literature reviews, inordinate noise can take to interference in communicating and can impact the concentration of workers, cut downing their productiveness. Poor housework has resulted in dirty offices ( 52.4 % ) and obstructors such as draging computing machine and electrical overseas telegrams ( 65.5 % ) which represent a serious trip and autumn jeopardy. Accumulation of trade wastes as explained before, can give rise to biological jeopardies like genteelness of sources taking to diseases. Harmonizing to Section 35 of the OSHA 2005, the office country needs to be unbroken clean so as to forestall accretion of soil and trade wastes have to be removed on a regular footing, with the floor being cleaned atleast one time hebdomadal. This shows non-compliance to the jurisprudence. Besides, in the populace sector, it is common cognition that files are stored in unfastened filing cabinets which consequences in accretion of dusts, taking to the dissatisfaction of employees ( 61.9 % ) . It was found that though many respondents are satisfied with the degree of illuming ( 50 % ) , it should be noted that they were non asked to stipulate the types of illuming used. Artificial lighting can be damaging to the wellness of employees in the long term. 36.9 % of respondents who claim on occasion suffer from occupational unwellnesss and strivings stated the cause of their agonies to be the hapless office environment: hapless temperature and airing systems doing allergic reactions in workers, concerns and oculus annoyances owing to the lighting provided, trips and falls from draging overseas telegrams and unequal filing cabinets. The unequal safety steps were besides noted. Harmonizing to 66.7 % of respondents, electrical equipments are non serviced on a regular footing. This consequence in electrical contraptions being damaged taking to overheating, short circuits, or detonations. Harmonizing to the Guidelines from the Government Fire Services dated 28 November 2006, the chief cause of fire is â€Å" defective electrical installation/equipment † . Hence, electrical installings and equipments have to be decently maintained and tested so as to minimise the hazard of fire. For an administration to be certified by the Fire Services, it has to fulfill some standards, which has been explained in inside informations before. It has to be able to supply to life safety, fire bar, fire protection and fire combat steps. From the statement of consequences, it can be noted that: — — % of respondents claim that no clear fire instructions have been issued to them ( Figure ) Inadequate safety marks displayed harmonizing to 60.7 % of respondents in Table Inadequate exigency exits harmonizing to 51.2 % of respondents ( Figure ) Harmonizing to 83.3 % , equal fire contending tool are available ( figure ) Lack of fire drills harmonizing to 61.9 % of respondents ( figure ) Fire dismay system, but whether it is effectual of non, is s really subjective inquiry, as from the above information, it can be deduced that no drills have been carried out to prove the effectivity of the fire dismay system Lack of emptying programs harmonizing to 70.2 % of respondents ( Figure ) Therefore, from the above observations, it can be deduced that the Council has non been award a Fire Certificate. This is confirmed by the 44 % of negative responses and 42.9 % of impersonal responses ( Figure ) . A 3rd observation made was the deficiency of proper hygiene provided to the employees ( Table ) . Without proper public assistance installations, workers may experience that their demands are non being catered by direction. The deficiency of separate healthful comfortss harmonizing to 81 % of respondents, indicates a misdemeanor of Section 39 of the OSHA 2005 where it has been stipulated that each organisation has to do proviso for separate and clean healthful comfortss which are good lighted and ventilated for each gender. This creates a deficiency of privateness for members of both gender and this can take to much uncomfortableness among them. Harmonizing to Section 41 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 2005 â€Å" suited installations for rinsing which shall include a supply of clean H2O, soap, clean towels or other suited agencies of cleansing and drying, and the installations shall be handily accessible and shall be kept in a clean and orderly status † . This shows that the Council is non following with the jurisprudence ( 67.9 % respondents non satisfied ) . The deficiency of proviso of a muss ( 83.4 % ) , which consequences in go againsting Section 44 of the OSHA 2005, leads to workers holding their repasts in the office itself. This causes the workstation to be untidy, ensuing in hapless housework. The deficiency of first assistance box is noted with much concern. Coupled with the deficiency of show of exigency phone Numberss ( Figure 32 ) , and a first assistance box, in instance of any incidents or accidents, there is a hazard of employees non being given first assistance intervention which can ensue in their status being aggravated by the clip they are taken to the Hospital. A 4th observation made is the ill designed workstations of workers ( Table ) . Out of the 61.9 % of respondents who are non satisfied with the infinite allocated to them in the office ( Figure 40 ) , 75 % are operational workers ( Figure 41 ) . This can be explained by the fact that they have to portion their office infinite with other office equipment like the photocopiers, scanners, pressmans, which take up much office infinite. Besides, ozone gas from these equipments can be really damaging to the wellness of the employees. Inadequate seating ( 68.2 % ) can do musculoskeletal upsets as explained in the literature reviews. It can besides be noted that non merely of respondents, ergonomic computing machine equipments are non provided harmonizing to 57.9 % of respondents, but they are non good positioned in the workstation. Harmonizing to 66.9 % of respondents, their computing machines are non straight in forepart of them when working. This can be explained by the cramped office infinite allocated to them, which causes them to strive to the sides to be able to work on the computing machine, doing MSD as explained before. Poor workstation design coupled with a deficiency of proper office accoutrements as indicated by the 74.8 % of respondents, this makes office work more uncomfortable and boring and besides deleterious to the wellness of the workers. This explains the 23.8 % of workers who claim to endure all the times while 36.9 % on occasion suffer from strivings and hurts ( Figure ) . Respondents were asked to stipulate the grounds for their strivings or unwellnesss, and it was found that many of them stated they suffer from back hurting owing to hapless siting agreements and leg strivings owing to miss of footrest, arm and carpus strains to work on the keyboard, insistent clicking of the mouse ensuing in strivings in fingers and carpuss and blaze from computing machine screen ensuing in concerns and oculus annoyances. A 5th observation made is the hapless interpersonal relationships of workers at the Council. Merely 28.6 % of respondents entertain good relationships with their co-workers ( Table degree Fahrenheit ) . As has been noted in the statement of consequences, it was found that employees holding more than 24 old ages of working experience at the Council tend to hold better relationships among co-workers compared to the younger coevals ( those holding less than 7 old ages of service are non on good footings with co-workers ) It was besides found that all respondents holding less than 7 old ages of service in the organisation are operational workers. ( figure 80 ) The younger coevals tends to be more competitory as they have merely joined the Council and are get downing to construct their calling. As such, they are really ambitious which consequences in the office atmosphere being fraught with competition. On the other manus, those basking more than 24 old ages of service in the organisation are those holding more than 42 old ages of age ( Table 5 ) . Hence, most of them have already reached the pinnacle of their callings which makes them less competitory six a vis their co-workers. Merely 11.9 % of respondents claim to be on good footings with their supervisors ( Figure 47 ) . One ground that could explicate this is the bureaucratic system of direction in topographic point at the Council. As pointed out by Jerald Hage et Al ( 1971:860 ) ‘as organisations become more formalistic and centralised, communicating between individuals in different sections tend to diminish ‘ . Hence, owing to the hierarchal construction of the Council, the lower class employees do non acquire to pass on much with the top direction. Another ground for the hapless relationship with direction is the favoritism about the distribution of undertakings to the employees. 40.5 % of respondents feel they are overloaded with work ( figure 49 ) . Figure 53 throws more light to this statement, as it was found that out of the 34.5 % of respondents who claim to be enduring from favoritism at work, 96.6 % are workers holding less than 15 old ages of service at the Council and most of them stated that they are discriminated onthe distribution of undertakings by their supervisors. They stated that they are allocated more and complicated undertakings than their older co-workers. 58.3 % of respondents feel they are working below their capablenesss ( figure50 ) . An in-depth analysis ( fig ) shows that workers throughout all degrees of the occupational hierarchy feel they are non working up to their degree. It can be noted that even workers holding less than 23 old ages of working experience at the Council feel they are non working up to their degrees. Today, many employees of the Public Sector are good educated, but owing to the high criterions and processs in topographic point by the LGSC, it is non easy to be awarded publicities. This leads to frustration in workers that they are non accomplishing their coveted place in the administration. They feel they can make a much better occupation than the 1 that has been allocated to them. This explains the competitory behavior among co-workers. This besides leads to extremely qualified and skilled employees go forthing the Council as they find better occupation chances in the private sector. This consequences in a encephalon drain of the administration, which it will endure in the hereafter when it would miss qualified staff. It has been found that 26.19 % of respondents are harassed all the times and 30.95 % who claim to be harassed on occasion ( Figure ) . They were asked to stipulate the types of torment they faced and many stated that they are verbally harassed by their higher-ups and members of the populace. Some even stated they are harassed by their co-workers. As has been described before, torment of strong-arming at work have a negative impact on the mental province and morale of the worker. Some workers stated that they have suffered from aggressive behaviors and even physically abuse by members of the populace. This confirms the unequal system of security in topographic point at the Council by 64.3 % of respondents ( Table ) From the above information, it can be concluded that the Council ‘s population is psychologically ill. Workers are faced with excessively much force per unit area at work to run into deadlines and they have to cover with verbal torment from their supervisors to acquire the occupation done more rapidly. This explains why 40.5 % of respondents feel they have excessively much work to make. As has been explained before, this leads to defeat, high degree of emphasis which can be harmful to the wellness of workers. Coupled with this, there exist hapless interpersonal relationships among workers. From Hawthorne surveies, it can be said that it is non the physical conditions or the organisation construction which affects public presentation but it was the quality of interpersonal relationships, peculiar workers ‘ relationships with their higher-ups that aid to hike morale and productiveness. Another observation made is the deficiency of wellness surveillance provided to the workers harmonizing to 96.4 % of respondents ( Figure ) . Another observation made was the deficiency of preparation provided harmonizing to 92.9 % of the respondents ( Figure ) . Without proper preparation, workers would non be able to execute their plants safely, ensuing in the high rate of unwellnesss and hurts as shown in FigureaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. From the above observations, it can be deduced that hazard appraisals are non carried out as confirmed by 86.7 % of respondents ( Figure ) . Had hazard appraisals been carried out, the jeopardies observed in the Council would hold been identify and measures taken to extinguish them. Coupled with this, 57.1 % of respondents claim that accidents are non reported, registered or enquired into ( figure ) . This demonstrates hapless accident coverage system ensuing from a deficiency of communicating between direction and employees. Another observation made is the absence of a good established Health and Safety Committee. Figure 9 substantiates the statement. 91.7 % of respondents confirmed that there are no wellness and safety commission at the Council. This hypothesis supply some accounts for the above mentioned defects and non conformity of the Torahs detected. Had there been a Safety and Health Committee, it would hold taken into history the grudges of the employees, devised a suited preparation programme, set up a codification of behavior for employees with respects to proper wellness and safety patterns. It would hold ensured that hazard appraisals and audits are carried out to place jeopardies and reported to Committee for appropriate steps to be taken to command or extinguish them. It has besides been observed that overall, there is been a negative response ( 65.5 % ) about the wellness and safety patterns at the Council ( Figure ) . Sum uping the statements of consequences of the study, based on literature reappraisals and associating the office environment, workstation design, hygiene installations, safety and interpersonal relationships, there are ample cogent evidence that the wellness and safety patterns at the Municipal Council of Port Louis is really deficient. This consequences from a deficiency of direction and the council members ‘ committedness and employees ‘ engagement, ensuing from the stiffly hierarchal construction of the Council. This stems besides from the deficiency of wellness and safety officer in the yesteryear. Correlating the findings of the study and the rules of the OHSMS described in the literature reviews, it can be said that there is an absence of a proper system of occupational wellness and safety direction. However, as has been stated earlier in this chapter, a Health and Safety Officer has late been posted at the Council. With the coaction of direction, council members and the employees, he will hold the duty of puting up a proper OHSMS to heighten the wellness and safety patterns at the Council. This can assist construct the psychological environment in which workers would experience healthy, secure, safe and most significantly, they will experience valued.

CASE: Pizza USA †An Exercise in Translating Customer Requirements Into Process Design Requirements Essay

Production & Operations Management Pizza USA is a chain of pizza restaurants that currently offers sit-down and take-out service. Many customers have said that they would buy more pizzas from Pizza USA if it offered a delivery service. This exercise is in two parts. In Part I, you play the customer. In Part II, you play the manager at Pizza USA who is responsible for developing the pizza delivery process design requirements. PART I To start with, you have to think like a customer. This should be easy since you probably have experience with ordering pizza to be delivered. Put that experience to work! Make a list of the attributes of pizza delivery that are important to you AS A CUSTOMER! As we said, this should be easy. Right? Or is it? In devising your list, consider the following: What must a pizza delivery service accomplish so that you are reasonably satisfied? Beyond your being reasonably satisfied, what could a pizza delivery service do that would make it really unique and create a differential advantage? In other words, what could a pizza delivery service do that might cause you to ALWAYS order from one particular service (and, perhaps, to pay more for the privilege)? Assume that this pizza restaurant can make whatever kind of pizza (and side items) that you want. PART II Now, put on your â€Å"Pizza USA manager’s hat.† For this part of the exercise, you will NOT be teamed with some other students. First, using the lists of all of your team members, create a master list. Next, try to group the items on your list under a series of major headings; for example, â€Å"condition of the delivered pizza† or â€Å"quick, on-time delivery† or â€Å"order accuracy,† and so on. Finally, make a list of the â€Å"pizza delivery process design requirements† that your pizza delivery process will have to meet. As you do this, think about measurable standards; in other words, what would you measure in order to ensure that your process is operating effectively and efficiently? Why do you think that these measures will be useful? Here’s an example of how a part of this analysis could go. One customer requirement may be that the pizza should be hot when it is delivered. The fact is that  as soon as the pizza comes out of the oven, it starts to cool. So, how could you keep the pizza from dropping below some minimum temperature before you hand it to your customer? †¢ Make sure that in question 3, you identify quantitative measurements. (See the second paragraph of Part II.) ASSIGNMENT 1 Make a list of pizza delivery attributes that are important to you as a customer. 2 Categorize your list of items under a series of major headings. 3 Make a list of pizza delivery process design requirements. Associate with each requirement a measure that would ensure that the process meets the requirement. CASE: Pizza USA – An Exercise in Translating Customer Requirements Into Process Design Requirements 1. Make a list of pizza delivery attributes that are important to you as a customer. Quick order taking: is important that when calling the restaurant to place the order, they answer and take the order in a timely manner. Pizza arrives on time: customers want their delivered as soon as possible. Pizza is hot: is important for the pizza to be kept hot as it arrives. 2. Combine your list with the lists of a few other class members and categorize the items under a series of major headings. Good customer service Good food quality Fast delivery service 3. Make a list of pizza delivery process design requirements. Associate with each requirement a measure that would ensure that the process meets the requirements. Customer call (take order) Failure: Incorrect order Poka-yoke: Double-check order with customer before proceeding Place order and process payment Failure: system failure/cannot process payment Poka-yoke: provide cash payment option Prepare pizza Failure: delay during preparation Poka-yoke: notify customer and provide a discount/ extra product (i.e. free dessert) Deliver pizza Failure: delay during delivery Poka-yoke: provide discount coupon 4. Design a process that meets your requirements. Describe it by using a flowchart similar to those shown in Exhibits 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6. Stage: 1: preliminary activities Stage 2: Customer ServiceStage 3: Work performance

Introduction to Business Law Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Business Law Bachelor - Essay Example Now in Texas, the total family property is protected by this clause which many other mortgage paying homeowners balk at, saying it is an unfair act and also discriminatory based on state residencies. Many families face financially hard times with no clause to fall back on so they feel it's unjust and morally biased that others are offered, what appears too many to be, a hand out, down the easy financial highway. Also, it is widely known that corporate CEO's or other distinguished people have, in the past, purchased homes way above their heads, eventually falling into debt, and as well, in behind on their mortgages; then facing judgments. Consequentially, they spend their remaining funds unwisely, making unnecessary purchases and then expect to be allowed to lean on the Homestead Act for support and protection of their remaining assets. This type of behavior is one of greediness and self absorption, a characteristic that makes other homeowners, struggling to pay their bills, despise t he Homestead Act ever being substantiated. On the other hand, when the clause was first implemented and recognized back in 1839, its purpose was honest and solely for the integrity of keeping a family

The Implications of Educational Change on Teaching and Learning Essay

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Employee Privacy Rights at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employee Privacy Rights at Work - Essay Example 897). The rights of the company have been upheld time and again. However, the real issue the company must address is finding the proper balance between the two. As Bupp (2001) pointed out, although the company has a wide range of monitoring open to it, studies have found that too much monitoring can also cause undo stress and be demoralizing for employees. Finding the balance that protects the company's interests while ensuring employees are afforded an adequate measure of perceived respect and privacy becomes the aim of modern business in today's technologically advanced work environment. How that balance may be achieved is the focus of this research. As upheld in the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, 18 USCA 2510 of 1986 (ECPA), employers, as owners of the premises and communications equipment, have many rights of which employees may be unaware. According to Volkert (2005) employers may "search company-owned computers, monitor Internet use, use video surveillance and listen to voice mail" (p. 1). As early as 2001 Bupp found when reviewing an American Management Association survey report that as of 2001 73.5% of all major companies in the U.S. "record and review employee communications and activities on the job, including their phone calls, e-mail, Internet connections, and computer files" (p. 74). An additional 5% monitor phone logs and/or use video surveillance cameras. In 88% of the cases where the company electronically monitors employees' working habits, the employee is informed of the methodology the company uses to monitor their behavior. The need for monitoring of employees has stemmed from documented cases of employee theft of proprietary information from their employer as well as theft of company time by employees who instead of working at the job for which they were hired to be perform, spend an inordinate amount of company time on personal business thereby reducing the productivity of the company. Lichtash (2004) points out that use or misuse of company time by employees in surfing the internet or sending and receiving inappropriate email can lead to serious consequences to the employer including lost productivity and in some instances may lead to a perceived hostile work environment or charges of sexual harassment when email is used to circulate offensive contents. For those reasons alone "employers have a clear interest in restricting the use of their e-mail and Internet systems" (p. 27). Lichtash (2004) has also noted that there are varying degrees of use or misuse of company email. Firstly, many employers recognize that time restraints sometimes require employees to occasionally use company time to conduct some degree of personal business which the company generally allows or overlooks. The second type of misuse is more serious abuse of company systems that would warrant disciplinary action was the company to detect it. The last type of abuse is flagrant misuse resulting in a direct or potential substantial loss to the company which would result in immediate termination if the company was aware of the

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MRP 4 - Assignment Example According to Andree, R. G. (1974), In the US, elementary schools start from kindergarten up to second grade (k-2). Learning at this state is crucial since it’s the foundation of the education for the children. Therefore, if the teaching staff is motivated they will deliver quality concepts and also influence the performance of the learners. However, if demoralized learns won’t learn well; hence, the general performance is affected. Teaching at elementary school is currently challenging and demanding where technology is used in teaching therefore motivation of teachers is necessary to even go for computer classes. Underperformance is also a big challenge due insufficient efforts by the teaching staff especially in public schools. The research will try to address the cause of teachers de-motivation and determine whether motivation approaches will improve their teaching hence the overall performance of the learners. This approach entails the ways that can be suitable to increase the motivation of the teachers. Factors that usually reinforce motivation are applied so as to create interest for the staff hence job satisfaction. The approach used depends on the source of motivation. It can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic entails physical, mental and spiritual recognition and praise, responsibility for ones work and being comfortable at work. In this context, extrinsic motivation as an approach may include; training of staff and advancement in their career. Inclusion of the teachers in decision making will enable them identify critical areas and find out the best ways of finding solutions. Decision making enables them own the career hence will increase their drive force (Thomas, K., 2002). Provision of good working environment and also permitting them to go for further studies in their teaching area will improve their motivation. Dan Airley said that people think about motivation and payment as the same thing when they

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Expanding an MNC - Essay Example However, it was unable to compete with the already established competitors in the market and therefore, the company is now entirely focused on domestic devices required for household work. Overall, Nestfree has around 200 factories in the above mentioned countries with around 150,000 employees worldwide. The range of products provided by Nestfree is as follows: However, the company is now seeking to expand its markets in emerging countries of the world. The emerging markets of China, India and Brazil. The information and relative factors of these countries is provided below. The economic system followed in China is a modern one which is supported by a strong financial services sector. One of the major advantages is that the government has zero debt and the Chinese citizens are savers as compared to the borrowing nature of the citizens of United States. The savings by consumers result in high amounts of capital available for banks to invest. This further boosts up investments in the economy which results in economic growth. The political environment in China is relatively stable as compared to other emerging markets. The political risk involved is quite low however; lower transparency in legal and regulatory policies is a big hurdle for foreign companies. The stability in the political environment is brought about by the one party system which results in lower arguments and therefore, greater peace. The business rules and regulations are not very effective with serious transparency issues. Especially for high tech and commodity companies, the regulatory transparency becomes a major issue as well as a big challenge. The Chinese technological environment is quite advanced and the government plans to make china a world leader in the field of science as well as technology. The aim is to make china self sufficient in terms of technology as a result of effective policies designed by the government. The Chinese

DQ1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

DQ1 - Essay Example Nowadays the lyrics which are being composed by the musicians revolve around different topics. At times these lyrics also consist of abusive, explicit and racist material which can harm the emotions and feelings of many. In my view the general public should be responsible to decide as to what lyrics should be allowed in music. The feelings and sentiments of the general public are affected most by these explicit lyrics. These lyrics also have an effect on the new generation as parents who want to save their children from abusive material cannot do anything when it comes to music. It has been seen that many children are grasping unusual stuff from these lyrics. At times these lyrics have also been known to be abusive towards certain religious groups and races. Hence it can be said that the entire decision power about the lyrics should be given to the general public. By general public here it is meant that all the individuals living in this world who are being represented by their chose n leader. If these lyrics are not kept a check on by the regulatory powers then in the future it is expected that many riots may occur only because of these lyrics. Music is an art which should be appreciated and not hated by people only because of the lyrics in the song. Musicians make music to entertain people and not to be hated. Thus the music should be of a sort which is liked by many and not despised or hated. The general public can make sure that the sentiments and feelings of people are not being affected by the lyrics and change them accordingly. Such an action would help the musicians to know more about the feelings and sentiments of the general public. In my opinion it is necessary for some power to keep a check on the music which is being created nowadays. Music is now simply being used as a tool for money because of which many musicians do not think about the feelings and sentiments of others when composing it. A check on

Methods Of Educational Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methods Of Educational Research - Essay Example Questionnaire Questionnaires are defined as formulated questions that are structured for collecting primary data. These questions are written down for the respondent to provide answers. Questionnaires are also defined as techniques in which different people are supposed to answer the same questions (Beiske, 2007). Researchers should be extremely careful before creating questioners. This is because, questionnaires can be written in understandable English but they are not sufficient for providing the needed data. When a questionnaire is well premeditated, it induces the respondents to give correct and accurate information. Questioners are used for inducting the respondent, thus they come up with new theories. Questionnaires use open-ended questions that explore substantive areas. Some researchers use questionnaires as methods of obtaining reliable information. This is accomplished through deductive approach for testing other theories. Questionnaires help researchers to use deductive or inductive approach or even a combination of the two approaches. Three types of questions are available to the researcher when using questionnaires (Boyce, & Neale, 2006). There are the open-ended questions, which have a wide scope of response and they help to capture the interests of peoples answer. This type of questions does not influence the outcome of questions by deciding the possible responses. The other type of questions is the close-ended type, which are used for questions that require two different answers. The responses required are ‘yes’ or ‘no’ with the intention of making the questionnaire process easy. Strengths of Questionnaires Questionnaires allow a researcher to contact many people easily and quickly. The researcher has a chance to post questions to the group he has targeted. They are easy to create and interpret especially if close-ended questions are used (Boyce, & Neale, 2006). The respondent is left with the time consuming part of ans wering the questions but the researcher does not have this burden. Questionnaires are easily standardized because all respondents are asked the same questions. As every respondent answers the same questions, this makes the questionnaire process extremely reliable. Researchers are able to tackle embarrassing areas like sex and criminal matters more than any other method. The questionnaires can be completed in privacy, and they are anonymous. Respondents are able to answer questions honestly without being intimidated by the researcher’s presence. Limitations of Questionnaires It is difficult for the researcher to identify complex issues because of the questionnaire’s design. Even if, the researcher uses open-ended questions, the respondent will not answer the questions extensively like in other research methods (Ross, 2005). This usually limits a researcher to get detailed information. When a researcher sends postal questions, he is not sure whether the respondent will f ill in the questionnaire. For instance, when a researcher wants to gather information on women opinions, the questionnaire is not useful if answered by men. It is extremely difficult to determine whether the respondent has understood the questions when the researcher is not around. A researcher has to hope that the questions he has presented to the respondents mean the same to all respondents as they mean to him. The numbers

The Internal Chaos Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Internal Chaos - Research Paper Example The workings of the military and the government are to protect the nation from outside attack, secure the places for a life with freedom, and give the ignorance on who are on the right and wrong sides in wars. The real safety will not be achieved fully through sending military volunteers abroad and making treaties with other governments. The real peace and war avoidance lies in the hands of the individuals without relying to the governmental efforts.1 Objective of the Study For the purpose of the study, the focus would be on the American Civil War and the Ku Klux Klan as the history recorded evidences regarding both the event and the group itself. Several discriminations existed as conflicts arose during the Civil War and thorough understanding on the history of both the war and the group would be compared as they coexisted and affected the lives of people in America. Background Information Throughout the history of United States of America, the American Civil War was considered the most expensive war recorded on history of the nation. The battles separated the nation into half and the country received 600,000 deaths and 1,000,000 casualties. The winners were just the few who survived the series of armed fights. The survival of the fittest was inevitable in the Civil War. The devastating effects did not only happen in USA but also felt in the neighboring countries. The war happened as efforts were made to abolish slavery.2 The war started during the time of Abraham Lincoln on April 12, 1861 as the military and the Confederates had an encounter battle in South Carolina. In response to the first encounter battle, Lincoln made a volunteer army to free people... This essay discusses the American Civil War as the most expensive war recorded on history of the nation. The battles separated the nation into half and the country received 600,000 deaths and 1,000,000 casualties. The winners were just the few who survived the series of armed fights. The survival of the fittest was inevitable in the Civil War. The devastating effects did not only happen in USA but also felt in the neighboring countries. The war happened as efforts were made to abolish slavery. The war started during the time of Abraham Lincoln on April 12, 1861 as the military and the Confederates had an encounter battle in South Carolina. In response to the first encounter battle, Lincoln made a volunteer army to free people from slavery. Both the government and the Confederated created their own armies as the war progressed. During the battle in Maryland, the Confederates were defeated at the so-called Battle of Antietam dated September 1862. After such war, the Emancipation Procla mation was released that officially designated slavery as the main war objective. The causes of the civil war were the following: sectionalism, slavery, rights of States, slave power, nationalism, and battle of Fort Sumter and election of Lincoln. The North and South of USA had differences in social structure, culture and economies that caused the civil war to sprout. The differences happened as the North focused on progressive and modernized farms as the South continued to rely on slavery. The removal of slavery caused a great deal of fear in the South as slave revolts. In that case, the government made movements in stopping the spread of slavery.

Internship Essay Example for Free

Internship Essay Getting an opportunity to work with Crown Global Consulting, LLC as an intern was a great accomplishment for me owing to the great value the internship has afforded me. Contrary to what I had expected, the company, located in Lincoln, offers me with the opportunity to interact with other organizations and to virtually do all that is in line with human resource management, employee relations, and career development. I started off with a formal interview with the company’s human resources manager; and having applied for the internship via the internet I was a bit surprised when the interview centered on my personal as well as professional skills. Specifically, the company needed an intern capable of leading, deciding, informing, advising, managing problems and evaluating results. In my opinion, my military and international travel experience is what convinced the manager to take me on board. Discussion I started my internship in May 2010 and I hope to finish it in December 2010. As part of my learning objects, I will be involved in supporting the HR manager in employee recognition programs and career development. To achieve this, I work closely with the HR manager and so get to learn a lot about the different ways through which companies reward their employees. In most cases, the employees are rewarded for their outstanding performance, excellent attendance records each year, participation in activities sponsored by the company, and volunteering their service for the agencies that the company is involved with. As part of career development, employees are encouraged to further their education and training. The costs thereof are covered by the company. Serving as a liaison officer with the communities and/or outside agencies regarding their human resource programs, I have had the chance to work with the American Heart Association (AHA); specifically working with local AHA personnel in submitting an award application for the company. I have had to gather information on what the company does to promote healthy living. The vendors we have worked with provide us with healthy food options and we had exercise programs available for the employees to take part in. I had to go through past records to find out how many employees had participated in the health screening program that was provided by the company. This helped me to understand what the company’s past practices were. I also got to work with several food vendors that offered catering services at the company’s luncheons. I have also been involved in providing guidance in matters of employment law. I got to research on some of the grievances that were filed against the company; and did research on the historical actions the company took whenever employees filed grievances against it. I had to search past records and ascertain how each situation was handled, the most important thing being to understand why the decision was made in that manner. I have come to understand that the greatest challenges that face the company and which need human resource representatives in the company to work on are the annual and family medical leaves. I have to admit that I found this to be the hardest part to learn. There were many rules and laws that could be applied to situations and I had to look at every situation differently and from different angles before making any decision. It was made clear to me never to make any decision without the full knowledge of the case as it could end up in court. I identified a few FMLA cases where employees had gone for long periods of time without proper notification from the relevant health practitioners. Part of my duties during the internship has been to promote healthy lifestyles and the project I have worked on is to promote a walking program which entailed walking from Lincoln, NE to Hawaii. I have had to keep track of the number of miles covered, the number of people that took part in the program, and determine the amount of money that had to be spent on prizes. For prizes, we obtained baseball tickets to a local game, gift cards, and/or Hawaiian-themed prizes. This was the most rewarding part of my internship for it was an ideal avenue for me to meet people including the employees. The hardest part of working in human relations has been ensuring that I am well versed with the standards of the Affirmative Actions (AA) plan. Each year we have the Department of Labor officials coming and assessing the type of employees that we have working in the company. They consider the diversity of Lincoln and require that businesses have the same type of diversity in their workforce. After the evaluation, we get a proposal indicating where we are meeting the requirements and the areas we need to improve on. The majority of our employees are White Americans, indicating that our diversity is not enough. My concern was how recruitment has to be done in order to balance between diversity and qualification but I came to understand that although the most qualified people ought to be employed, the company has to strive to meet the AA requirements. I also learned that the company has to keep good records of all the applicants and be able to offer the reasons for selecting the ones that got hired. One of the most interesting things about my internship was that I worked with a union that was responsible for the protection of the employees. The union files grievances if the employees are being treated unfairly. However, in my own opinion, there was no need for such a union because there are enough laws in place to protect workers. This is especially so because to be members employees have to pay a monthly fee. Conclusion My internship has been a most fulfilling experience. On the whole, I have learned a lot regarding dealing with different people in different situations. This has been a lesson that is so invaluable for me. I have also been able to learn good communication skills and have become a team player. On a general note, I think I have had much to learn about the real business world. For me, therefore, my internship at Crown Global Consulting, LLC has offered me valuable learning experience.

Tribal friendly rights and government apathy

Tribal friendly rights and government apathy Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA), Forest Rights Act and the tribal situation in India â€Å"The interplay of tribal friendly rights and government apathy† Introduction The enactment of the PESA (The panchayat extension to schedule areas act, 1996) aimed for devolution of power to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in the scheduled areas at the grass-root level. While, the FRA (Forest Rights Act, 2006) emphasizes on recognition of claim over the forestland of which the tribals have been inhabitants for generations. However, the legislation has been unsuccessful in mainstreaming the tribals; as well as there have been serious cases of violation creating uproar among the indigenous communities. Since, both the legislation have interdependence in terms of their functioning it becomes very important for one to have a clear understanding of both the acts and their implication in present settings. The paper is an attempt to discuss the so-called tribal friendly acts the PESA and the FRA. The paper starts with the historical background that lead to the formation of the acts followed by some basic features of the act laid down for identifying the basic righ t of the tribal population and their claim over rights. The discussion follows with a case study on violation of these rights. Forests Rights Act 2006 Historical Background The first enactment of the forest rights act was during the colonial periods in British India in the year 1865. The British government drafted the act to oversee the claims by different communities who used the forest traditionally for centuries to procure minor forest produce. On the other hand, the act empowered the British government to demarcate any forest as government forest and accordingly make rules for its management. In fact, the 1865 act termed the forest as worthless and the communities could use it unhindered. However, soon when the demand for use of timber in the railways rise the colonial government embarked upon the idea of bringing a new act that could curtail free use of forest produce. The previous act defined unhindered use of forest produce but the new act specified issue of unwarranted arrest of anyone found offending the new law. Thus, the new law exercised the full control of the state over the forests. Under previous act, any land that has green cover can be declared as a forestland. However; the provisions itself restricted the state to plant trees on a barren land and declare it a forestland. The earlier act also had no mentioning of principles on which a state or certain communities could manage a forest. Similarly, rights on hunting and grazing unmentioned under the previous act, which individuals were accustomed-to. Thus, the colonial government allowed the use of forest by the communities as a privilege but with no legal sanction. In this way, the colonial Government set out to draft a new law where it could exercise full control over a forest. Thus, under the new draft the categorization of forest made (reserved, protected or village) basing upon its valuable use for future and provisions made to safeguard the same. A restriction on grazing was mandated and protection of certain species of plants maintained by the new law to disallow the communities to withdraw minor forest produce including timber. Thus, the Indian Forest Act of 1867 came into being inclu ding all the provision where the state had full control over the Indian forest. The new act also took under consideration of the communities that practiced shifting cultivation by settlements made by the appointed settlement officer on claims made. Thus, new set of provisions clearly demarcated the category of forest to be a reserve, protected or a village forest. However, certain amendments were made to the existing forest acts of 1867, as amended acts of 1927 that included the provisions of imprisonment to violators of the previous acts. Provisions like levying of duties on extracting the timber produce out of the forest. Nevertheless, some consolation were also made on grazing of animals because of increasing conflict between the forest dwellers and the officials. THE SCHEDULED TRIBES AND OTHER TRADITIONAL FOREST DWELLERS (RECOGNITION OF FORESTS RIGHTS) ACT, 2006 The ministry of tribal affairs implements the provisions made under the act. The act came into effect from 31.12.2007. The present act aims at recognizing the forest rights and occupations of the traditional forest dwellers who have been residing in the forestland for generations. The act also has provisions to legitimate the claims of present forest dwellers of their ancient lands whose rights could not be recorded during the colonial period and ensures the same through a framework. However, the right does not allow the unhindered use of the forestland. A traditional dweller can use the forestland for livelihoods only if sustainable for the forest and guarantees to maintain ecological balance as well as the diversity. Some amendments were also made in 2012 regarding the disposal and sale of minor forest produce with exemption from any fees or royalties. Some basic provisions of the act are as follows: An individual if belonging to a member of a traditional forest dwelling community has the right to reside in a forestland for the purpose of habitation or any socio-economic activities like cultivation One can collect minor forest produce within or beyond the village boundary if a traditional forest dweller Community rights to fishing and grazing of cattle if belonging to nomadic or pastoral communities Provisions of community tenure for primitive tribes over a forest land For claims over a piece of land by conversion of pattas to titles by the local authority The act provisions conversion of old unsurveyed forest villages into revenue villages whether or not it had any previous evidence of any form of ratification Customary rights to traditional forest dweller over village forest Non-diversion of forest land that involves felling of not more than 75 trees per hectare for government structure like schools, hospitals, anganwadis or electric/telephone lines or any other government projects Prior permission of gram sabha if at all such structures are built for benefit of the people A community has to be resettled and equally compensated if displaced from a conserved or protected forest that to with prior permission of the gram sabha Panchayat (Extension to Schedule Areas) Act 1996 Historical background of the act The act was enacted as an extension to the 73rd amendment act, for self-governance at grass-root level in schedule v and schedule VI areas. The formation of the schedule areas can be traced back to history during the colonial period with the delineating of extremely backward tribal regions into schedule areas. The areas were scheduled under the Scheduled District Act of 1874, further classification into two broad categories were made under the Government of India Act of 1935. The northeastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram declared as schedule VI areas whereas the rest of the tribal areas in different states delineated as schedule V areas. The government of India during the implementation of the Panchayati Raj Act found it difficult to exclude the schedule areas under its ambit. Since, the schedule areas act does not provide legal sanctions to the 73rd amendment. There was also huge uproar since the Tribal Advisory Council and the Autonomous District Council in the schedule V and schedule VI areas respectively holds exclusive rights to administer tribal areas. Moreover, the respective council holds exclusive power to repeal or amend any legislation regarding the administration of the schedule areas under its jurisdiction. Thus, the government of India in 1994 set up a committee chaired by Dileep Singh Bhuria to submit recommendations on providing a framework for administration of the scheduled areas. All the provisions in the 73rd amendment are applicable in schedule areas but only with certain exceptions and modifications. The PESA provisions for democratic participation in decision-making processes at grass-root level, the basic features of the act are as follows: provisions for panchayat to safeguard the customary laws and traditional social and religious practices Rights for villages or habitation to manage its affairs according to traditional and customary laws Gram sabha to safeguard the traditions and customs of the people and resolve dispute according to the customary laws Gram sabha to approve all government developmental projects at village level Gram sabha to decide on the identification of beneficiaries for government schemes Proportionate reservation of seats in panchayat elections Gram sabha or panchayats to decide on land acquisition for development projects with proper rehabilitation of the affected person Panchayat or gram sabha to grant mining lease and prospecting license for minor minerals Concerned state government through panchayats and gram sabha to prevent alienation of land alienated illegally and restoration of such land to ensure management of minor water bodies Case studies The case of Niyamgiri tribes A serious violation of Forest Rights Act and PESA can be seen in Niyamgiri where the Orissa government signed a joint agreement with the state owned Orissa Mining Corporation and the Vedanta Alumina to set up an alumina refinery. The region is the place of indigenous Dongaria tribes who have lived there for almost two centuries. The company plans to extract bauxite from the Niyamgiri hills; for its proposed alumina refinery at Lanjigarh in the Koraput district of Orissa. The hills are also their place of worship for generations, to a male deity â€Å"Niyam Raja Penu.† The Dongaria tribes consider themselves the descendants of the Niyam raja. Thus, the Niyamgiri hills are not just a place of cultural heritage to the tribal community but also of economic importance to the state government for its rich bauxite mines. The government in its series of violation granted mining lease without the consultation of the local tribes. The government also hurried in giving environmental clearance to let the company to set up its unit without studying the environmental impacts of the project. The company in its part violated the basic norms of not conducting the gram sabhas or consulting the panchayats to carry on the project. Moreover, there is no concrete plan of rehabilitation and resettlement of the tribes facing displacement due to the project. The local tribes on the other hand have no plans to negotiate with the company, since they consider it as an invasion into their homeland. The government in its obsession to pursue economic desires violated the fundamental rights of its own citizens against all legalities. The central empowered committee of the Supreme Court also found lot of illegalities against the central government in granting mining lease to the company. Moreover, the region belongs to the sc heduled areas thus it becomes a serious issue since the constitution mandates non-transfer of tribal land to non-tribal. Apart from being rich in minerals, the region is also a place of numerous wildlife animals declared vulnerable. The Dongaria known for their primitive way of life are alien to the outside world. They have been practicing sustainable agriculture depending upon the forest for their livelihood. The name Dongaria itself derives its name from dongar that means ones whose agriculture land are at the hills. However, the Supreme Court ruling on November 27, 2007 provided some respite to the agitating tribal by putting temporary ban on bauxite mining. On the other hand, it also provided the company with an escape clause to request for fresh proposal if it abides by all the guidelines pertaining to the law. Despite regular opposition, the government is adamant to its decision to give the company a free run. Repeated protest from the civil society and Ngo’s has also undeterred the government in its stance. Nevertheless, the government looks keen to facilitate the company in whatsoever situation or allegation of violation of any constitutional rights. Conclusion Although, certain legislations have been implemented starting from the colonial to the post-independence era in the name of tribals they lacked basic understanding of the tribal rights. The acts and laws on one hand guarantees to safeguard the fundamental rights as enshrined in the constitution. On the other hand, the state itself comes up as the biggest violator of the rights of its citizen. The tribal communities have been subjugated to exploitation from time to time and their voices suppressed by use of force by the state. The acts as always termed to be tribal friendly and talks of promoting their rich cultural and social values along with an aim to mainstream them with various developmental projects. However, the state has always failed in its every attempt to listen the voices of the marginalized and still alienates them from not only their land but from worldly affairs. References Guha, R. (1983). Forestry in British and post-British India: A historical analysis.Economic and Political Weekly, 1882-1896. Ray, S., Saini, S. (2011). Development and Displacement: The Case of an Opencast Coal Mining Project in Orissa.Sociological Bulletin, 45-64. Sahu, G. (2008). Mining in the Niyamgiri Hills and tribal rights.Economic and Political Weekly, 19-21. Sharan, R. (2005). Alienation and restoration of tribal land in Jharkhand: Current issues and possible strategies.Economic and Political Weekly, 4443-4446. Upadhyay, S. (2003). JFM in India: Some legal concerns.Economic and Political Weekly, 3629-3631.

How Deradicalization Impacts Terrorist Groups

How Deradicalization Impacts Terrorist Groups How can the intelligence community use deradicalization to impact the effectiveness of Hezbollah? The intelligence community is vital to building cohesive infrastructure and peaceful societies.   A deradicalization program via a mixture of elements described herein center on ideological and religious education that challenge the effectiveness of Hezbollah.   Groups that pose a significant threat include Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Al-Shabaab, Hezbollah, and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).   Hezbollah is unique in that they are one of the most well developed social and community supported networks, and an official member of an organized government, i.e., Lebanese Government via â€Å"overwhelming/evolved success as a global terrorist or Shi’a defense organization and subsequent politi ­cal power in the Lebanese political system through its use of social services† (Love, 2010, p. 1). Leveraging a deradicalization program is simply one of several innovative approaches to counterterrorism.   Hezbollah is a well-funded terrorist network founded on social services.   Impacting Hezbollah requires a multi-pronged approach.   The Joint Special Operations University Report (2010) states, Hezbollah’s organizational structure, funding sources, and social service achievements provide a systemic understanding of how the organization morphed from a resistance movement into a stateless government that leverages charity to meet the needs of the neglected, oppressed, and marginalized. (p. 14) The intelligence community must recognize the reasons for radicalization while simultaneously identifying requisite funding sources before executing a deradicalization program.   A diplomatic approach depends â€Å"on preemptive intelligence gathering, the rule of law, cooperation with the media, and promotion of domestic security† (Munoz & Crosston, 2015, p. 24). The Collins Dictionary defines deradicalization as â€Å"the practice of encouraging individuals with extreme and violent religious or political ideologies to adopt views that are more moderate† (n.d.).   Johnston (2009) found key distinctions between disengagement and deradicalization. Disengagement occurs when an individual or a group no longer engages in violence or the individual no longer participates in the violent activities of the group.   Deradicalization occurs when a group or an individual no longer believes in a violent ideology. (p. 9) Understanding and appreciating the differences between disengagement and deradicalization is one-step towards the intelligence community deradicalizing Hezbollah. Deradicalization in prisons is one of only a few methods or techniques likely capable of reversing the Hezbollah radicalization process.   Diplomacy in conjunction with deradicalization may effectively counteract Hezbollah’s engagement with the Lebanese Government.   Regardless of approach, a successful deradicalization program consists of counselors, legal scholars, law enforcement officers, and members of the intelligence community.   Establishing success is not easy; there is no one size fits all as political context situates each program. The majority of individual deradicalization programs reside in prisons and include a holistic multi-agency approach.   Intelligence gathering, education, family support, and led by social services are the four common pillars that support a successful deradicalization program.   According to Price (2017), Deradicalization programs at a minimum consist of: Trained counselors capable of convincing extremists’ that terrorist activity is unfounded in a religious context.Convince extremists that their individual views are unfounded in a religious context.Treat extremists’ mental health.Extract extremists’ value system as a form of violence. Hezbollah, similar to other groups, appeals to educated and non-educated unemployed individuals.   This vulnerability causes individuals to identify with radical ideology.   Deradicalization includes vocational training, religious counseling, psychological counseling, or creative art therapy.   Vocational training is an element leveraged for incarcerated individuals to provide a path forward following release.   The educational focus could vary and harness ideological specificity.   Although education would only be a portion of a full deradicalization program, as a fundamental program principle, programs can be successful. Credible mentors previously radicalized liaise with prisoners throughout their incarceration.   Mentors establish a rapport with prisoners, as prisons are â€Å"ideal locations for the implementation of deradicalization programs due to the measures of control in a prison setting† (Johnston, 2009, p. 1).   The established relationship between mentor and prisoner allows incarcerated individuals to be honest and communicate their religious or political beliefs.   Open communication is necessary for deradicalization to occur, as imprisonment becomes a cell that facilitates radicalization. Hezbollah holds 14 seats in the Lebanese Parliament, providing Hezbollah with significant international legitimacy (Philippone, 2008).   Hezbollah’s enormous social service effort consistently outperforms the Lebanese government’s social programs.   As such, focus shifts towards commitment and sustainment of an individual’s success via one’s family and job beyond release.   The intelligence community and collaborative partners support for family members care for incarcerated individuals help increase inclusion, thus deterring individuals from returning to the terrorist organization to fulfill previous needs. As an example, the Official Irish Republican Army previously leveraged diplomacy via â€Å"building a nonviolent and class-based alliance between Protestant and Catholic working classes in Northern Ireland to undermine partition† (Henriksen, 2008, p. 23).   If diplomacy is unsuccessful, A Practitioner’s Way Forward describes influence and impact of overt public patron-client relationships, i.e., Iran supplies Hezbollah with funds, weapons, and the status that comes with the formal recognition by a powerful state.   â€Å"Hezbollah reciprocates through its allegiance to Iran’s state ideology, and its public support for Iranian policy objectives, which extends Tehran’s influence into the Levant† (Brannan, Darken, & Strindberg, 2014, p. 75). While material inducements like reduced prison sentence, housing, vehicles, etc. are appealing, deradicalization programs that rely predominantly on these inducements are the least successful.   According to a Global Counterterrorism Forum memorandum, â€Å"although terrorists should be appropriately punished, the criminal justice system should provide for their deradicalization and reintegration into society† (n.d., p. 2). A deradicalization process cannot follow a set script, nor can it be the same for all individuals going through it.   Success depends on the availability of adequate funding, reform within the prison structure, incorporation of cultural norms, provision of monetary support to families of detainees, and follow through with after-care programs (Johnston, 2009, p. 61).   This approach consists of a rehabilitation-focused deradicalization. An effective deradicalization program for Hezbollah incorporates aforementioned elements before, during, and after incarceration for societal integration.   Such a diplomatic method â€Å"builds on victories achieved over the short, medium, and long-term, designed to wear down the resolve of the enemy and to develop fully functional societies with an actively included citizenry† (Munoz, 2015, p. 24).   Deradicalization programs must be unique to a group’s strengths and weakness, and the intelligence community must be able to adapt and make changes as necessary to prevent recidivism. References Brannan,  D., Darken,  K., & Strindberg,  A. (2014). A practitioners way forward. Salinas, CA: Agile Press. Definition of deradicalization. (n.d.). Retrieved April 13, 2018, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/deradicalization Global Counterterrorism Forum. (n.d.). Retrieved on April 14, 2018, from https://www.thegctf.org/Portals/1/Documents/Framework%20Documents/A/GCTF-Rome-Memorandum-ENG.pdf Henriksen, T. (2008). What Really Happened in Northern Ireland’s Counterinsurgency: Revision Revelation. Joint Special Operations University Report. Retrieved from https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=692814 Johnston, A. (2009).   Assessing the effectiveness of deradicalization programs on islamist extremists. (Master’s thesis). Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. Retrieved from https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=29447 Love, J. (2010, June). Hezbollah: Social services as a source of power. Joint Special Operations University Report. Retrieved from https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2010/1006_jsou-report-10-5.pdf Munoz, M. J., & Crosston, M. (2015). Diplomatic Counterterrorist Deterrence. Air & Space Power Journal, 29(4), 15-26. Retrieved from http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-29_Issue-4/F-Munzo_Crosston.pdf Philippone, D. (2008). Hezbollah: The network and its support systems. (Masters thesis). Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA483483 Price, M. (2017, May 26). Can terrorists be deradicalized. Science. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/05/can-terrorists-be-deradicalized Students who reviewed my DRAFT include: Ally ArtsKarl BeckettBrianna Goode to impact the effectiveness of Hezbollah? The intelligence community is vital to building cohesive infrastructure and peaceful societies.  A deradicalization program via a mixture of elements described herein center on ideological and religious education that challenge the effectiveness of Hezbollah.  Groups that pose a significant threat include Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Al-Shabaab, Hezbollah, and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).  Hezbollah is unique in that they are one of the most well developed social and community supported networks, and an official member of an organized government, i.e., Lebanese Government via â€Å"overwhelming/evolved success as a global terrorist or Shi’a defense organization and subsequent political power in the Lebanese political system through its use of social services† (Love, 2010, p. 1). Leveraging a deradicalization program is simply one of several innovative approaches to counterterrorism.  Hezbollah is a well-funded terrorist network founded on social services.  Impacting Hezbollah requires a multi-pronged approach.  The Joint Special Operations University Report (2010) states, Hezbollah’s organizational structure, funding sources, and social service achievements provide a systemic understanding of how the organization morphed from a resistance movement into a stateless government that leverages charity to meet the needs of the neglected, oppressed, and marginalized. (p. 14) The intelligence community must recognize the reasons for radicalization while simultaneously identifying requisite funding sources before executing a deradicalization program.  A diplomatic approach depends â€Å"on preemptive intelligence gathering, the rule of law, cooperation with the media, and promotion of domestic security† (Munoz & Crosston, 2015, p. 24). The Collins Dictionary defines deradicalization as â€Å"the practice of encouraging individuals with extreme and violent religious or political ideologies to adopt views that are more moderate† (n.d.).  Johnston (2009) found key distinctions between disengagement and deradicalization. Disengagement occurs when an individual or a group no longer engages in violence or the individual no longer participates in the violent activities of the group.  Deradicalization occurs when a group or an individual no longer believes in a violent ideology. (p. 9) Understanding and appreciating the differences between disengagement and deradicalization is one-step towards the intelligence community deradicalizing Hezbollah. Deradicalization in prisons is one of only a few methods or techniques likely capable of reversing the Hezbollah radicalization process.  Diplomacy in conjunction with deradicalization may effectively counteract Hezbollah’s engagement with the Lebanese Government.  Regardless of approach, a successful deradicalization program consists of counselors, legal scholars, law enforcement officers, and members of the intelligence community.  Establishing success is not easy; there is no one size fits all as political context situates each program. The majority of individual deradicalization programs reside in prisons and include a holistic multi-agency approach.  Intelligence gathering, education, family support, and led by social services are the four common pillars that support a successful deradicalization program.  According to Price (2017), Deradicalization programs at a minimum consist of: Trained counselors capable of convincing extremists’ that terrorist activity is unfounded in a religious context.Convince extremists that their individual views are unfounded in a religious context.Treat extremists’ mental health.Extract extremists’ value system as a form of violence. Hezbollah, similar to other groups, appeals to educated and non-educated unemployed individuals.  This vulnerability causes individuals to identify with radical ideology.  Deradicalization includes vocational training, religious counseling, psychological counseling, or creative art therapy.  Vocational training is an element leveraged for incarcerated individuals to provide a path forward following release.  The educational focus could vary and harness ideological specificity.  Although education would only be a portion of a full deradicalization program, as a fundamental program principle, programs can be successful. Credible mentors previously radicalized liaise with prisoners throughout their incarceration.  Mentors establish a rapport with prisoners, as prisons are â€Å"ideal locations for the implementation of deradicalization programs due to the measures of control in a prison setting† (Johnston, 2009, p. 1).  The established relationship between mentor and prisoner allows incarcerated individuals to be honest and communicate their religious or political beliefs.  Open communication is necessary for deradicalization to occur, as imprisonment becomes a cell that facilitates radicalization. Hezbollah holds 14 seats in the Lebanese Parliament, providing Hezbollah with significant international legitimacy (Philippone, 2008).  Hezbollah’s enormous social service effort consistently outperforms the Lebanese government’s social programs.  As such, focus shifts towards commitment and sustainment of an individual’s success via one’s family and job beyond release.  The intelligence community and collaborative partners support for family members care for incarcerated individuals help increase inclusion, thus deterring individuals from returning to the terrorist organization to fulfill previous needs. As an example, the Official Irish Republican Army previously leveraged diplomacy via â€Å"building a nonviolent and class-based alliance between Protestant and Catholic working classes in Northern Ireland to undermine partition† (Henriksen, 2008, p. 23).  If diplomacy is unsuccessful, A Practitioner’s Way Forward describes influence and impact of overt public patron-client relationships, i.e., Iran supplies Hezbollah with funds, weapons, and the status that comes with the formal recognition by a powerful state.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hezbollah reciprocates through its allegiance to Iran’s state ideology, and its public support for Iranian policy objectives, which extends Tehran’s influence into the Levant† (Brannan, Darken, & Strindberg, 2014, p. 75). While material inducements like reduced prison sentence, housing, vehicles, etc. are appealing, deradicalization programs that rely predominantly on these inducements are the least successful. According to a Global Counterterrorism Forum memorandum, â€Å"although terrorists should be appropriately punished, the criminal justice system should provide for their deradicalization and reintegration into society† (n.d., p. 2). A deradicalization process cannot follow a set script, nor can it be the same for all individuals going through it.  Success depends on the availability of adequate funding, reform within the prison structure, incorporation of cultural norms, provision of monetary support to families of detainees, and follow through with after-care programs (Johnston, 2009, p. 61).  This approach consists of a rehabilitation-focused deradicalization. An effective deradicalization program for Hezbollah incorporates aforementioned elements before, during, and after incarceration for societal integration. Such a diplomatic method â€Å"builds on victories achieved over the short, medium, and long-term, designed to wear down the resolve of the enemy and to develop fully functional societies with an actively included citizenry† (Munoz, 2015, p. 24).  Deradicalization programs must be unique to a group’s strengths and weakness, and the intelligence community must be able to adapt and make changes as necessary to prevent recidivism. References Brannan,  D., Darken,  K., & Strindberg,  A. (2014). A practitioners way forward. Salinas, CA: Agile Press. Definition of deradicalization. (n.d.). Retrieved April 13, 2018, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/deradicalization Global Counterterrorism Forum. (n.d.). Retrieved on April 14, 2018, from https://www.thegctf.org/Portals/1/Documents/Framework%20Documents/A/GCTF-Rome-Memorandum-ENG.pdf Henriksen, T. (2008). What Really Happened in Northern Ireland’s Counterinsurgency: Revision Revelation. Joint Special Operations University Report. Retrieved from https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=692814 Johnston, A. (2009). Assessing the effectiveness of deradicalization programs on islamist extremists. (Master’s thesis). Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. Retrieved from https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=29447 Love, J. (2010, June). Hezbollah: Social services as a source of power. Joint Special Operations University Report. Retrieved from https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2010/1006_jsou-report-10-5.pdf Munoz, M. J., & Crosston, M. (2015). Diplomatic Counterterrorist Deterrence. Air & Space Power Journal, 29(4), 15-26. Retrieved from http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-29_Issue-4/F-Munzo_Crosston.pdf Philippone, D. (2008). Hezbollah: The network and its support systems. (Masters thesis). Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA483483 Price, M. (2017, May 26). Can terrorists be deradicalized. Science. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/05/can-terrorists-be-deradicalized

Meet The World :: Japan Japanese Culture Cultural Essays

Meet The World Have you stayed in other countries or met the people who have different cultures from yours? Yes, I have. I stayed in England for a year, and I have been living in the U.S for seven months. I went to two different English schools when I was in England. All students were of course from outside of England. Most of them were from Europe which is Spain, Italy and so on. Others were from the Far East like Korea, Thailand and Japan. I even met a few people who are sons of millionaires from East Asia such as Saudi Arabia and Jordan. When I was in Chicago, I met people who were from Korea, China and Mexico. As you know, I met English and American people as well. I also made friends who were from other countries like Argentina, Brazil and all over the world. In addition, I experienced and learned lots of things from their cultures. Some cultures are totally different from my culture. They sometimes made me surprised, and I realize that I will never get accustomed to them. On the other hand, t he other cultures are very important for everyone to understand. To meet many people and to experience different cultures is how my life and my way of thinking have greatly changed. I think you might feel like traveling other countries! First of all, what I felt when I met people was they were very casual when communicating with other people. Their actions seemed to lazy to me though. For example, I saw them in my class in the U.S. Students eat snacks, drink juice, and put their legs on the desk during the class! They go out of a classroom without asking the teacher. It was my first culture shock. In Japan, we have to respect teachers, so we must not drink, eat, or put legs on desks. We do not learn such things. In contrast, we have already known good manners. My second example is, people especially Europeans hug, kiss cheeks and shake hands. When I first went to England, I was a high school student. I was so nervous when I had to hug and kiss men! But I got used to doing that soon. Besides, I noticed that most of Europeans kiss twice to each cheek, but Swiss people kiss three times. To shake hands became a custom among the young Japanese.

The Product of Manchester AirportManchester Airport is a service Essays

The Product of Manchester AirportManchester Airport is a service company. Its products are mainly the facilities it provides e.g. the runways and terminal. BUSINESS ACITIVITY The Product of Manchester Airport Manchester Airport is a service company. Its products are mainly the facilities it provides e.g. the runways and terminals and also the services it offers to its customers i.e. the airlines. The Airport Company acts as landlord and guardian of the whole site – providing the infrastructure and main facilities e.g. roads, drains, phones, runways and terminals. Its income comes from the charges and costs for using the facilities e.g. airlines pay for the runway, handling agents pay for ticket desks and shopkeepers pay rent. The Airport Company is also responsible for: 1 Marketing and promoting the Airport brand 2 Lobbying Government and other authorities 3 Environmental standards 4 Ensuring a safe and efficient Airport. Products for Airlines and Tour Operators Manchester Airport offers products and services directly to airlines and tour operators, and in other cases acts as landlord and regulator of services for the may private companies that make the Airport diverse. Runways Manchester Airport has two runways, each 3,050 meters in length. Runways need to be this length to enable aircraft of all sizes and weights to land and take off safely. They operate in segregated mode, which means one runway is used for take offs and the other for landings. Passenger Facilities In order to process passengers through the Airport, Manchester Airport plc provides facilities such as check-in desks, baggage handling systems and a number of high street retail outlets. Security With the exception of Hold Baggage Screening, Manchester Airport Aviation Services (MAAS) is responsible for the aviation security service at the Airport in areas of access control, searching and screening of passengers and baggage, and ensuring that the Airport complies with legislation and guidelines issued by the Department for Transport and the International Civil Aviation Organisation. Hand baggage may be checked at any time within the Airport area, as part of the Airport’s visitor security policy. The US Federal Aviation Authority stipulates that all passengers on flights with US-based carries have an extra security scr... ...by The Aviation Society and has staff of trained guides who lead educational tours for groups of all ages, providing a structured and informative introduction of life at the Airport . Aviation Viewing Park Spectacular views can also be seen from the Aviation Viewing Park, which is managed by the Bollin Valley Rangers. Education The variety of activities and vibrant of the Airport helps stimulate exciting ideas fir educational projects. Over the years, the Airport’s educational officer has worked with many of the 3,000 schools and a large number of collages in the immediate catchments area of greater Manchester and Cheshire, as well as others through out the north of England and Wales. NHS Walk-in Centre This is a one-stop drop in centre for travellers, other visitors to the Airport and the local community to ask immediate health related questions. Occupational health Unit The centre provides pre-employment medicals for staff working at the Airport and CAA medicals for air crew as well as providing confidential support and advice to employees. Petrol stations The Airport owns and manages two petrol stations on site, these are part of MAVL. The Product of Manchester AirportManchester Airport is a service Essays The Product of Manchester AirportManchester Airport is a service company. Its products are mainly the facilities it provides e.g. the runways and terminal. BUSINESS ACITIVITY The Product of Manchester Airport Manchester Airport is a service company. Its products are mainly the facilities it provides e.g. the runways and terminals and also the services it offers to its customers i.e. the airlines. The Airport Company acts as landlord and guardian of the whole site – providing the infrastructure and main facilities e.g. roads, drains, phones, runways and terminals. Its income comes from the charges and costs for using the facilities e.g. airlines pay for the runway, handling agents pay for ticket desks and shopkeepers pay rent. The Airport Company is also responsible for: 1 Marketing and promoting the Airport brand 2 Lobbying Government and other authorities 3 Environmental standards 4 Ensuring a safe and efficient Airport. Products for Airlines and Tour Operators Manchester Airport offers products and services directly to airlines and tour operators, and in other cases acts as landlord and regulator of services for the may private companies that make the Airport diverse. Runways Manchester Airport has two runways, each 3,050 meters in length. Runways need to be this length to enable aircraft of all sizes and weights to land and take off safely. They operate in segregated mode, which means one runway is used for take offs and the other for landings. Passenger Facilities In order to process passengers through the Airport, Manchester Airport plc provides facilities such as check-in desks, baggage handling systems and a number of high street retail outlets. Security With the exception of Hold Baggage Screening, Manchester Airport Aviation Services (MAAS) is responsible for the aviation security service at the Airport in areas of access control, searching and screening of passengers and baggage, and ensuring that the Airport complies with legislation and guidelines issued by the Department for Transport and the International Civil Aviation Organisation. Hand baggage may be checked at any time within the Airport area, as part of the Airport’s visitor security policy. The US Federal Aviation Authority stipulates that all passengers on flights with US-based carries have an extra security scr... ...by The Aviation Society and has staff of trained guides who lead educational tours for groups of all ages, providing a structured and informative introduction of life at the Airport . Aviation Viewing Park Spectacular views can also be seen from the Aviation Viewing Park, which is managed by the Bollin Valley Rangers. Education The variety of activities and vibrant of the Airport helps stimulate exciting ideas fir educational projects. Over the years, the Airport’s educational officer has worked with many of the 3,000 schools and a large number of collages in the immediate catchments area of greater Manchester and Cheshire, as well as others through out the north of England and Wales. NHS Walk-in Centre This is a one-stop drop in centre for travellers, other visitors to the Airport and the local community to ask immediate health related questions. Occupational health Unit The centre provides pre-employment medicals for staff working at the Airport and CAA medicals for air crew as well as providing confidential support and advice to employees. Petrol stations The Airport owns and manages two petrol stations on site, these are part of MAVL.

From Western to Asian Environmental Ethics Essay examples -- Asia Reli

The 20th century may be considered the ultimate expression of Western ideals and philosophy: "civilized" humanity's attempt to dominate "uncivilized" peoples and nature. The 21st century soberingly proclaims the shortsightedness and ultimate unsustainability of this philosophy. This paper shows the limitations of a modern Western world-view, and the practical applicability of ideas to be found in Asian philosophies. In outline, the contrast may be portrayed by the following overgeneralizations: (1) From a linear to a cyclical world view; (2) from divine salvation to karmic necessity; (3) from human dominion over nature to human place within nature; (4) from the perfectibility of humanity and the world through science; (5) from atomistic mechanistic individualism to organic interdependence; (6) from competition to cooperation; (7) from glorification of wealth to respect for humanhood; (8) from absolute cultural values to necessary common values. Each of these attitudes is examined in light of what we now know about the world in the 21st century, as Asian philosophy is found applicable to address future problems. (1) From a linear to a cyclical worldview The Judaeo-Christian-Islamic world-view epitomizes linearity. God creates the world out of nothing and destroys it when he pleases; the world has a beginning and an end. Moreover, the beginning and end of the world are within human memory and anticipation; humans trace their lineage back to Adam and anticipate the end of the world. Recent Christians may argue for a more ancient beginning in the Big Bang, but seem no less convinced of the temporality and linearity of the human project. Humans are born from nothing, live only once on this world, and then return to dust or are j... ...f the earth. If the human project is to be maintained more than a few generations into the future, considerations of population control, biological diversity, sustainability of technologies, and responsibility to future generations become unavoidable. These depend not on cultural tastes or traditions; they become minimum prerequisites for human continuity. The shrinking of the globe and the foreshortening of history demand new common values, not based on the power of one group over another, but based on a consciousness of our organic interlinking with each other. Stripped of their cultural paraphernalia and chauvinisms, some Western as well as Asian religious philosophies may already hold this ideal, but one need not be religious to understand and espouse it. The survival of the planet as we know it demands nothing less than human cooperation in this project. From Western to Asian Environmental Ethics Essay examples -- Asia Reli The 20th century may be considered the ultimate expression of Western ideals and philosophy: "civilized" humanity's attempt to dominate "uncivilized" peoples and nature. The 21st century soberingly proclaims the shortsightedness and ultimate unsustainability of this philosophy. This paper shows the limitations of a modern Western world-view, and the practical applicability of ideas to be found in Asian philosophies. In outline, the contrast may be portrayed by the following overgeneralizations: (1) From a linear to a cyclical world view; (2) from divine salvation to karmic necessity; (3) from human dominion over nature to human place within nature; (4) from the perfectibility of humanity and the world through science; (5) from atomistic mechanistic individualism to organic interdependence; (6) from competition to cooperation; (7) from glorification of wealth to respect for humanhood; (8) from absolute cultural values to necessary common values. Each of these attitudes is examined in light of what we now know about the world in the 21st century, as Asian philosophy is found applicable to address future problems. (1) From a linear to a cyclical worldview The Judaeo-Christian-Islamic world-view epitomizes linearity. God creates the world out of nothing and destroys it when he pleases; the world has a beginning and an end. Moreover, the beginning and end of the world are within human memory and anticipation; humans trace their lineage back to Adam and anticipate the end of the world. Recent Christians may argue for a more ancient beginning in the Big Bang, but seem no less convinced of the temporality and linearity of the human project. Humans are born from nothing, live only once on this world, and then return to dust or are j... ...f the earth. If the human project is to be maintained more than a few generations into the future, considerations of population control, biological diversity, sustainability of technologies, and responsibility to future generations become unavoidable. These depend not on cultural tastes or traditions; they become minimum prerequisites for human continuity. The shrinking of the globe and the foreshortening of history demand new common values, not based on the power of one group over another, but based on a consciousness of our organic interlinking with each other. Stripped of their cultural paraphernalia and chauvinisms, some Western as well as Asian religious philosophies may already hold this ideal, but one need not be religious to understand and espouse it. The survival of the planet as we know it demands nothing less than human cooperation in this project.

Ruth, the Bible

The Book Ruth by Ingunn Merete Borresen Ruth has 4 chapters. The first: Ruth  remains  loyal  to Naomi. The  second: Ruth gleans in Boaz’s field. The  third: Ruth follow Naomi’s plan. The fourth: Ruth and Boaz are married. The book of Ruth is the Narrative of a love story, yet also has some important Genealogy. The timeline of this book is intertwined during the period of the Judges. The author was anonymous but some believe it was perhaps written by Samuel the prophet; however, it is unlikely that he was alive when this book was written.It was written about 1046-1035 B. C. Key personalities include Ruth, Naomi, and Boaz. Its purpose was to demonstrate the kind of love, and faithfulness that God desires for us. It shows the difference between what happens when a nation does not follow in obedience to the covenant of God (Judges), and when God’s people follow in faithfulness within the covenant (Ruth). I was studying chapter 1 most, so I wrote little mor e on chapter 1 that I remember.Chapter 1: Elimelech was from Bethlehem in Judah, together with his wife and two sons he went to the country of Moab for living there for a while. His wife name was Naomi, and his two sons were Mahlon and Kilion. Elimelech died, and his sons got married to the Moabite women, named Orpah and Ruth. When they had lived there for around ten years, Mahlon and Kilion died and Naomi was left without her husband and two sons. Ruth and Orpah still were Naomi’s â€Å"daughters-in-law†. * In chapter 1, Ruth remains loyal to her mother-in-law Naomi after the death of her husband and in-laws.Naomi decides to return to her home land of Bethlehem alone, however, Ruth insists on staying with her and adopting Naomi’s God as her own. â€Å"But Ruth said, â€Å"Do not urge me to leave you or turn back from following you; for where you go, I will go, and where you lodge, I will lodge. Your people shall be my people, and your God, my God† (1:16 ). * Chapter 2 we see Ruth gleaning in the fields of Naomi’s relative Boaz. Boaz out of compassion and obedience to the law allows Ruth to glean but also leaves extra grain for her purposely. In chapter 3, Naomi encourages Ruth to seek marriage with Boaz as a kinsman-redeemer. Ruth obeys Naomi and asks for her rights and Boaz agrees but mentions that he must first be sure there are no others with first rights. * Chapter 4 Boaz and Ruth are married and Ruth conceives a son named Obed, the grandfather of the great King David, in the lineage of Christ our Messiah. Important characters in Ruth: Ruth: a young foreign widow who married a wealthy Israelite. She bore a son Obed, who was the grandfather of King David and an ancestor of Jesus of Nazareth.Naomi, her shrewd mother-in-law who advised her how to get a second husband, and was rewarded by the birth of a grandson. Boaz, the wealthy Israelite who married Ruth and became the father of Obed. FAMOUS QUOTES ‘where you go, I will go. Where you lodge, I will lodge. Your people shall be my people and your God my God. Where you die, I will die and there I will be buried. ’ (Ruth 1:16-17)Sources: http://www. readbibleonline. net/? page_id=15#top http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Book_of_Ruth