Constitutional Issues And The Scope And Character Of U.s....

Constitutional Issues and the Scope and Character of U.S. Government 1 Constitutional Issues and the Scope and Character of U.S. Government Britteny Klemm POL303: The American Constitution Tammi Clearfield April 21, 2014 Constitutional Issues and the Scope and Character of U.S. Government 2 Freedom of speech, Barendt (2005) mentioned, is one of the basic rights of any human being. The entitlement to express one’s opinion and view on anything without the fear of being harassed or penalized by the authority is ensured by this act. For many centuries common people were denied this right. Even now many countries prohibit its citizens to practice this fundamental right. USA is one of the countries, which is known for being vocal about civil rights and freedom. Therefore it is no wonder that the country’s constitution has given special attention to Freedom of speech. Freedom of expression and freedom of rights are uttered under same breath. They have subtle differences. The broad definition of right of speech allows an individual to communicate any idea, the medium being his/her body and property to whoever is interested. Freedom of expression additionally includes receiving, passing on and searching for information through any medium. The first amendment shield s the freedom of speech right of the American citizens. Although there are several clauses to this practice, yet USA is one of the countries, which have provided its people with the freedom to put forward theirShow MoreRelatedThe Supremacy Clause Is The Clause That Establishes The Federal Government s Authority Over State Governments1521 Words   |  7 Pages Supremacy Clause Matthew Newkirk Constitutional Law Mr. Timothy Allmond Wiregrass Georgia Technical College November 19, 2015 â€Æ' Abstract The Supremacy Clause is the clause that establishes the federal government’s authority over state governments. The Supremacy Clause is found in the U.S. Constitution in Clause Two of Article Six. This Clause upholds the United States Constitution, federal statutes, and treaties as the supreme law of the land. Federal law’s supremacy applies only if CongressRead MorePrivacy Laws City of Ontario, California, Et Al. V Quon, Et Al. 560 U.S. (2010)1888 Words   |  8 PagesREADING: City of Ontario, California, et al. v Quon, et al. 560 U.S.___(2010) DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: 1. What were the material facts of City of Ontario, California, et al. v Quon, et al. (Ontario v Quon)? ï‚ § Petitioner Ontario (hereinafter City) acquired alphanumeric pagers able to send and receive text messages. Its contract with its service provider, Arch Wireless, provided for a monthly limit on the number of characters each pager could send or receive, and specified that usage exceedingRead MoreMarbury Versus Madison3744 Words   |  15 Pagesciting part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 as unconstitutional. 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Even the judiciary has also played vital role in interpreting the pro vision of Constitution asRead MoreThe United States Supreme Court2944 Words   |  12 PagesAcclaim for asserting the United States Supreme Court as a substantial participant in the American structure of government has been ascribed to the guidance of John Marshall as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. By 1835, the Supreme Court had attained a level of equality with the prowess and prestige as that of Congress and the Executive that was not present before John Marshall was appointed to the position. Central to this development was the Court s adoption ofRead MoreShould Celebrities Have Their Right to Privacy?1557 Words   |  7 Pageschildrens’ rights to privacy. They are ordinary people just with a famous role in life. Historical/practical rights are one of the biggest issues and it all started back in colonial America. In colonial America, privacy was constrained. Colonial homes were often crowded, affording little privacy. There have been many events about privacy since 1639. In 1787, the U.S. Constitution was written declaring it does not contain an express right of privacy, in Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 3, the ConstitutionRead MoreLegal Analysis of Indirect Expropriation Claim Under Korea-Us Fta3592 Words   |  15 PagesCOMPARISON: NAFTA AND U.S. TAKING JURISPRUDENCE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 IV NEW TREATY TEXT: INDIRECT EXPROPRIATION UNDER KOR-US FTA....... 8 A. Textual improvements of KOR-US FTA indirect expropriation provisions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....8 B. Criteria determining whether an indirect expropriation has occurred†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 1. 2. Interference of the measure with reasonable investment-backed expectation..16 3. V Degree of interference with the property right†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Character of governmental measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MorePolice and Entrapment Introduction2731 Words   |  11 Pagesof the United States over the last centuries. With the evolution of the constitution and other important amendments regarding human rights and the role of the law enforcement in keeping peace, entrapment has come under fierce criticism with the government keeping its ground that it is a necessity. The two main interpretive views of entrapment are the subjective and the objectives views, each of which is equally applied by jurisdictions and specific courts. 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The Holocaust And The Rwanda Genocide - 1629 Words

The mind of a survivor of genocide can be various, violent, confused, or blank, it can scar the mind indefinitely or not. Not only are the conductors of the kill-spree are scary, but even the victims can be just as terrifying. Two examples of genocide are the Holocaust and the Rwanda Genocide, both of which gives off long ranges of psychological effects on the mind of those who survive. Survivors struggle through the tragic events with the hope they would soon find and be with their loved ones. So how does a survivor survive the experience of genocide? Although survival is key during the event of a mass genocide, the experience victims go through can wreak havoc upon the mindset, go into depression or even sometimes to help them strive to a better future. The experience of a mass genocide can change a person, for the better or for the worse, many go under much stress, go through symptoms such as PTSD and become scarred mentally and/or physically. At the end of the Holocaust in World War II, survivors contained poor psychological well-being, mental scars for which they experience PTSD or post-traumatic symptoms. After having to go through the experience of genocide, survivors go through many phases, and mental and physical symptoms and PTSD is one of many symptoms survivors can go through. (Holocaust) (â€Å"Psychological Pain of Survivors†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ par.8) â€Å"One way survivors coped with the prolonged horrors of the Holocaust was to sustain the hope of reuniting with their families.† AsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Holocaust and Rwanda Genocides787 Words   |  4 Pagestheir terrorizing reign of Germany and throughout Europe and the Hutus horrific acts of genocide that happened because of a culmination of deep ethnic tens ions brewing over a century and intense political corruption. Not only was it used to promote and endorse the party and its leaders extreme racist values but also to mask the horrifying truths of what was to become known as the Holocaust and the Rwanda Genocides. Anti-Jewish measures and pogroms have taken place numerous times throughout historyRead MoreEssay on Genocide: Examples of Rowanda and Germany885 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition, genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwandas Tutsis and Hutu political moderates by the Hutu dominated government under the Hutu Power ideals. Hutus believed the Tutsi were taking their jobs, and that they were foreigners who had worn out their welcome (Genocide-Rwanda). In comparison to Germany, the largest genocide in history,Read MoreThe Terrible Acts of Rwandan Genocide1296 Words   |  6 PagesIn between 1930 and 1945, an event took place that changed the world in many ways. The Holocaust was a genocide that consisted of the decimation of one single race, the Jews. This solemn event is very similar (and also quite different) to another event tha t took place only four thousand miles away. Like the Holocaust, this event is was a genocide and it took place at Rwanda in 1994. This genocide was between the Hutus and Tutsis. These two groups have a long background with each other that consistedRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesRwandan genocide is undoubtedly one of the most sad and shocking examples of the lack of intervention by not only the US and the UN, but by other countries as well. The ongoing tensions between the Hutu, the largest population in Rwanda, and the Tutsi, the smaller and more elite population is what eventually lead to the Rwandan genocide. The killings began quickly after President Habyarimana s plane was shot down. After hundreds of thousands of deaths, the US did not intervene in Rwanda becauseRead MoreEssay about Democratic Republic of Congo Holocaust922 Words   |  4 Pages The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Holocaust was the bloodiest war fought. This was due to the death toll, possibly larger than that of the Holocaust. Between 1998 and 2007, there were a total of 5.4 million people dead. The number of those deaths has definitely gone up over the years (Heaton 1). Genocide is very vital because of the people being slaughtered and giving their lives away in order to support their political stance. Everyone, whether it is through war or poverty, suffers from thisRead MoreGenocide : Genocide And Genocide1021 Words   |  5 Pages In Rwanda during 1994 Genocide happened between the Hutus and Tutsis. Hutus and Tutsis had disagreements on who will have power which effected the whole population of Rwanda. This leads to the question why there is Genocide in Rwanda? Genocide happened by two clans who caused mass causalities. Others did little to help which caused Genocide to happen in Rwanda. Sources disagree on the definition of genocide. According to American Heritage 4th edition â€Å"Genocide is the systematic and planned exterminationRead MoreRwanda Genocide : The First Conviction1264 Words   |  6 Pages Rwanda Genocide: The First Conviction Kaylee Schmit Ms. Sandbulte Advanced Composition January 11, 2016 Kaylee Schmit Ms. Sandbulte Advanced Composition January 11, 2016 Rwanda Genocide: The First Conviction Rwanda is a small country in Africa, made up of three ethnic groups: the Hutus, who held the majority of the population; the Tutsis were only a small portion of the population; and there were also very few Twa. All three groups spoke Kinyarwanda. There were differences in theRead MoreGlobal Genocides And The Holocaust1324 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Genocides Understood by Sociology It is made known that before 1944, the term â€Å"genocide† did not exist. A Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin wanted to describe the acts of the Nazi policies, in regards to the mass murders of the European Jews. Using the Greek word â€Å"geno-â€Å", meaning race or tribe, as well as the Latin word â€Å"-cide† for killing, he formed the word â€Å"genocide† (History.com Staff). According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the term holocaust means, â€Å"Any ofRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1654 Words   |  7 PagesRwandan Genocide A genocide is defined as the deliberate killing of a group of people, especially of a certain ethnicity. By that definition and almost any other a dictionary could define, the killing of the Tutsis was certainly a genocide.The Rwandan Genocide occurred in 1994, in an African country called Rwanda. A long history of building friction between the Hutus and the Tutsis undeniably caused the mass murder of over 800,000 Tutsis, but various countries’ failure to act allowed the genocide to goRead MoreThe Rwanda Genocide Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesthe characteristics of the Rwanda Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust. The Rwanda Genocide targeted the Tutsis because of their ethnicity, while the Holocaust targeted the Jews because of their ethnicity and religion. To really understand the Rwandan Genocide and the Final Solution, one must understand the background of the two exterminated peoples. The Tutsis are an ethnic group that resides in the African Great Lakes region. During the Europeans settlements in Rwanda, the colonists need an identifier

Vendor and Purchaser Law

Question: Discuss about the Vendor and Purchaser Law. Answer: Bakhos v Fenner Anor [2007] NSWSC 641 Issue According to the case study, the plaintiff has been alleged the defendant for the firing and damaging the property. Therefore now the issue has been found that whether the fondant is liable for the damage of the property? Relevant Legislation and Case Law According to the case study, the sustainable damages are not considered as damage until it makes any conflict with the rights of the buyer. Therefore when a risk is identified then it is important to prove the damages due to the negligence by the defendant towards the plaintiff. The sec- 66L of the Conveyancing Act 1999 defines the power to rescind where land substantially damaged. Therefore in this act, it is defined that when it is found that the land is found to be substantially damaged and it only granted after the making of a contract for the sale of any land. If any risk is found for the damages then it only applicable when the damage is passed due to the risks therefore the purchaser swill have the rights to rescind the said contract by servings in writing in between a particular time. This is a case between Tony Bakhos vs. Regula Fenner and Rolf Maximillian Fenner where the Supreme Court of New South Wales equity division has give the judgment about the claim of the plaintiff where they demanded damages caused from defendant and the section 66(L) of the Conveyancing Act 1999 provided such power to rescind where land substantially damaged. The issue of the case occurs when the property was damage due to the firing and later the court has found that the damage was minor and that land was not much substantially damaged. Under Section 55 (2A) of the Conveyancing Act 1999 defines the right of purchaser to recover the deposit amount. Therefore according to the contract if the parties has some specific performance which would not be enforced against the purchaser as per the order of the court and if any defect has been found due to the vendors title therefore the purchaser will not held liable to rescind the contract and he also has the power to recover the deposits or any other installments. It also provides the given due to the Purchase and relief from all the liability in this matter a contract also holds a stipulation including the purchaser from objective regarding the payment. Now when the fire is occurred in that property, the defendant also not present on that place. It has been found that it was unoccupied due to the fire. The damage caused according to the division 7 of part 4 of the Conveyancing Act 1999 and it defines according to the 66 (L) (I) where it has been mentioned that a purchaser has the powers on right to rescind the contract where the property is substantially damaged after making the contract. Analysis According to the case study the fact is the plaintiff who is the purchaser has make a contract to buy a house property buy a contract for sale of land with the vendor who is the defendant Ms Regula Fenner, and Mr Peter Voglsinger who are on the property owner as joint tenants. The purchase price was $1,400,000 where they have decided to payment the amount in installment which will helpful to not raise any difficulty. Therefore after some days of fire have been occured in that house property when the defendants were not present and it also found that the house was unoccupied due to the fire the house was damaged. When a residential property is damaged then the liability does not pass to the buyer until he make the completion of the before seller is found responsible for the property. If any damage occur but it would be different if the buyer take the position of the property early then the risk and the damaged all will be liable for the buyer. The substantial damage the buyer can resigned the contract within 20 days of time before there were about the damage and the buyer also have right to receive back the deposit amount and must released from any obligation under this contract. It is only not acceptable if any damage is caused due to some negligence by the buyer. In some cases if it is found the damage are substantial and still the buyer want to proceed with the contract purchasing. Then buyer has no right to forced to perform the contract if it is found in equitable to complete the selling. Now in this case due to the fire of the property smoke damaged, the windows have been settled and th e carpets are burn and two shillings was again affected by the Firefighter. Therefore it is also found that it has not been that substantial damage where the buyers can has rights to resign the purchasing contract for the repudiation of the contract and the seller was also bound to entitle to retain the deposit amount. Conclusion In this case the court has given the decisions that the defendant must give back the damage amount to the buyer because the property damage was not defined as a substantially damaged according to the Conveyancing Act 1999. Urban House v Purnell Bros [2007] NSWSC 1248 Issue According to the case study the issue is whether Urban House and SCL is liable to provide the notice or they have any power to have relief against forfeiture of that deposit amount according to the substantially damage? Relevant Legislation and Case Law The section 66 (L) of Conveyancing Act 1999[1] defines are the signed contract for sale of land which provide the power related to the property where the substantially damage is occur between the contract and there settlement[2]. Therefore land is substantially became damage after the formation of the contract then the damages regarding the risk all passes to the purchaser where it must written to the contract by providing notice in writing and send it to vendor before the completion of the transferred the property to the purchaser[3]. The section 66(K) of Conveyancing Act 1999 defines the times where the damage is occur on the land which is passed to the purchaser and it will not has been transferred until the completion of the sale according to the stipulated time of the contract and the position by the purchaser[4]. The section 66(L) of Conveyancing Act 1999 is defines and described with the contrasted with section 66(M) of Conveyancing Act 1999. Therefore it defines that when the property is damaged after the contract of the sell and before the damage has been transferred to the purchaser then the purchase price can be reduced according to the equitable in the situation. In this matter the provisions is defined whether the property is substantially damaged or not. In this case Urban House and SCL both have purchased the land and after the fire it damage substantially the property[5]. In the passing of raised between the vendor and purchaser of the land is only occur when the law relating insurance or compensation which is been detected due to the damage or any destruction of improvements and the other property on land is being selected for the contract for the sale[6]. Then it will found the raised or the damage of the destruction has been occur between the vendor and purchaser. The terms also included when the benefit of an insurance policy will be issued for the vendor by the purchaser. Therefore when the process has been occur by the insurance policy held by the vendor of the purchaser it should be applied according to the compensation and as per the consequences of the case[7]. In the case of Needham J in Shadlow Anor v Skiadopolous Anor (1988) it has been found that the Conveyancing Act 1999 section 66(m) has made the coordinates with the respect of section 66(a) regarding the substantial damage of the property where the purchaser was not bound to take the responsibilities about the damaged property[8]. Analysis The fact of the case is the plaintiff Urban house Private Limited and SCL Holding Private Limited has purchased a land in a exchange contract from the defendant Purnell Bros Private Limited the purchased property is used for a car service and a service station. However the settlement has been made but due to fire the building was damaged Where are Urban house Private Limited and SCL Holding Private Limited has send a notice for rescission of the contract according to the section 66(l) Conveyancing Act 1999[9] to the defendant Purnell Bros Private Limited for the termination due to the failure of the contract[10]. Into the contract the plaintiffs has been paid $600,000 and they didnt get back the money. Therefore the court proceeding has been made buy them whether they will be get back the money or they are entitled to relieve against any four features of the deposit. Therefore it can be stated that is according to the section 66(a) of the Conveyancing Act 1999[11]. The contract would be unjust or in equitable according to the requirement of the seller when he is bound to complete the sale of land and along with that is that land substantially damaged after the formation of the contract and before the risk has occurred on the damaged which is passes to the purchaser then in that matter[12]. The court has right to refuse the enforcement against the seller for that specific performance of the contract. The order of the repayment of the given money by the purchaser according to the contract and make that ordered as appropriate payment according to the Section 66 of the Conveyancing Act 1999 in th en the court will refuse the enforcement[13]. Therefore the fire has damaged the building and due to the risk of the property it is required to restore the damage part and here it has established the relation to the proportionally of the amount which is involved with the purchase price of the land. The plaintiff has reported that day has been validly rescinding the contract. Therefore the due to the Fire it burn out the land matter really different from that which price has contacted to buy. In that circumstances due to the fire is rendered the building on the land and tenantable therefore they are required to get back there amount. The damage was in substitution for a number of reasons[14]. As because the plaintiffs have intention to make a large development and demolition of the improvement on the land where it does not mean the release of the building is prior to demolish[15]. It is also found that when the contract has been made and until the termination of the contract a property was disused therefore neither of the party h as appeared greatly or they do not have any concern about the possibility of the damage to the structure until the fire has damage the portion of the property[16]. Conclusion In this case studies the substantial damage has been found by the defendant and therefore he is bound to pay the damage amount to the plaintiff and the according to the Section 55 of the Conveyancing Act 1999 the purchaser was being entitled to relief from any forth features and the cross claimed has been failed because the substantial damage has been found where the defendant is bound to pay the damages[17]. Reference Abbey, Robert, and Mark Richards. A practical approach to conveyancing. Oxford University Press, 2017. Bakhos v Fenner Anor [2007] NSWSC 641 Beazley, Margaret. "Judgment writing in final and intermediate courts of appeal." Judicial Officers Bulletin 27.9 (2015): 79. Bray, Judith. Unlocking land law. Routledge, 2016. Needham J in Shadlow Anor v Skiadopolous Anor (1988) NSW ConvR 55-383 Urban House v Purnell Bros [2007] NSWSC 1248 Veitch, Edward. "When the Court Finds a Breach of Fiduciary Obligations, Should Equitable or Legal Remedies Flow." UNBLJ 66 (2015): 200. [1] Abbey, Robert, and Mark Richards. A practical approach to conveyancing. Oxford University Press, 2017. [2] Veitch, Edward. "When the Court Finds a Breach of Fiduciary Obligations, Should Equitable or Legal Remedies Flow." UNBLJ 66 (2015): 200. [3] Beazley, Margaret. "Judgment writing in final and intermediate courts of appeal." Judicial Officers Bulletin 27.9 (2015): 79. [4] Bray, Judith. Unlocking land law. Routledge, 2016. [5] Beazley, Margaret. "Judgment writing in final and intermediate courts of appeal." Judicial Officers Bulletin 27.9 (2015): 79. [6] Veitch, Edward. "When the Court Finds a Breach of Fiduciary Obligations, Should Equitable or Legal Remedies Flow." UNBLJ 66 (2015): 200. [7] Abbey, Robert, and Mark Richards. A practical approach to conveyancing. Oxford University Press, 2017. [8] Bray, Judith. Unlocking land law. Routledge, 2016. [9] Beazley, Margaret. "Judgment writing in final and intermediate courts of appeal." Judicial Officers Bulletin 27.9 (2015): 79. [10] Abbey, Robert, and Mark Richards. A practical approach to conveyancing. Oxford University Press, 2017. [11] Abbey, Robert, and Mark Richards. A practical approach to conveyancing. Oxford University Press, 2017. [12] Veitch, Edward. "When the Court Finds a Breach of Fiduciary Obligations, Should Equitable or Legal Remedies Flow." UNBLJ 66 (2015): 200. [13] Bray, Judith. Unlocking land law. Routledge, 2016. [14] Beazley, Margaret. "Judgment writing in final and intermediate courts of appeal." Judicial Officers Bulletin 27.9 (2015): 79. [15] Veitch, Edward. "When the Court Finds a Breach of Fiduciary Obligations, Should Equitable or Legal Remedies Flow." UNBLJ 66 (2015): 200. [16] Bray, Judith. Unlocking land law. Routledge, 2016. [17] Abbey, Robert, and Mark Richards. A practical approach to conveyancing. Oxford University Press, 2017.

Market Structures and Pricing Strategies

Abstract A market structure is a tool used to determine the pricing power of certain products in diverse firms. Research has shown that there are numerous market structures with unique pricing strategies in place. The price of goods and services in a firm depend on the levels of demand, cost conditions and competition.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Market Structures and Pricing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, price fixation is one of the key managerial functions. It is frequently reviewed to ensure that a firm makes a reasonable profit margin. The market conditions determine the type of market structure and pricing criteria to be used in a particular firm. Moreover, businesses cannot operate in isolation. In other words, a firm requires a robust marketing platform for it to operate effectively. Hence, it is important to select an appropriate market structure for a business to make significant returns. Economists have identified four major market structures that are unique in terms of both operation and effectiveness in meeting the demands of customer. The market structures have been discussed in this paper in relation to pricing strategies. Introduction A market structure can be defined as a core characteristic that makes up a platform for buying and selling goods and services (Samuelson Marks, 2006). It is common knowledge that a market exists when there are buyers, sellers, products, competition, product differentiation as well as the ease of entry or exit. From this definition, Rubin and Dnes (2010) highlight that market structures are individual aspects that influence the behavior of buyers and sellers. Ellickson, Misra and Nair (2012) also define a market structure as the number of firms in a market that are able to produce similar goods or services. The nature of a market structure greatly influences the behavior of producers. Therefore, it affects the market price of a particular commodity or service (Rubin Dnes, 2010). In addition, a market environment affects the supply of commodities and equally creates barriers for entry. This paper discusses some of the notable market structure by analyzing their pricing strategies alongside relevant examples. Perfect Competition Description This describes a situation whereby a firm does not have a particular independent pricing policy. Therefore, firms that embrace this market structure have to comply with the prevailing market prices (Samuelson Marks, 2006). At this point, a firm is at liberty to market its goods and services.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lack of control over a market often creates an open platform for buyers to choose less costly products. If a firm sets very high prices in a marketplace, it might end up making few or no sale at all.†¨It is imp ortant to note that in this type of a market structure, there is no specified price for certain quality or quantity of goods (Rubin Dnes, 2010). Therefore, it is upon the seller to decide which quantity to offer and at what price. Typical firms have no influence over demand and supply because new sellers enter the market as they wish. Ellickson et al (2012) assert that typical competitors in such a market end up earning no profit at all. Rubin and Dnes (2010) point out that there are no barriers to enter or exit such a market structure since there are unlimited number of both sellers and buyers. From an economic perspective, this market structure exists when firms produce similar and standardized products. It implies that different firms only compete for prices. Moreover, buyers are aware that price competition exists. Therefore, all the available products must be sold at a common or poplar market price (Rubin Dnes, 2010). Both consumers and firms also tend to countercheck the pri ce even though they have no direct influence on the market. In order for a firm to maintain its customers, it is compelled to sell either at the prevailing market price or at a lower price altogether (Samuelson Marks, 2006). Therefore, firms end up selling a small proportion of their total output. Pricing Strategies Prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand. It is worth to note that there is perfect substitution where all firms produce homogenous, standardized and undifferentiated products. At this point, the demand curve in each firm is perfectly elastic and horizontal to the price line (Rubin Dnes, 2010). This implies that a firm can only sell some of its output without altering the price. Any slight increase in price results into lack of sales since buyers tend to resort to a substitute from other competitors. In this type of a market structure, the â€Å"law of one price† does not change and all market transactions are done at the same price (Samuelson M arks, 2006). Monopolistic competition Description In this type of a market structure, a firm ignores a market price and sets it own pricing without considering the causal effects of other firms with different prices. In this case, a group of producers offer a common product that is not identical. Therefore, it triggers competition.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Market Structures and Pricing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Firms deliberately differentiate their products and set prices that are competitive in nature (Samuelson Marks, 2006). It is important to note that there are no market barriers. Monopolistic competition resembles a perfect competition model except that the products of the former are different. Pricing Strategies Firms set their own prices that are different from those of competitors since products sold are also differentiated in terms of quality and quantity. In this cas e, firms aim to create brand names by reinforcing product differences (Rubin Dnes, 2010). Product differentiation is one of the strategies that enable producers to set high prices without necessarily losing market dominance to competitors. It is worth to note that the demand is elastic hence; firms can increase their prices whenever they wish to do so (Samuelson Marks, 2006). Oligopoly Description In this case, about three sellers occupy a larger share in a particular market. The firms may experience price wars as they compete against each other for maximum gains. Increasing prices affects the volume of sales of other firms (Ellickson et al., 2012). For instance, when one of the competing firms increases its market prices, consumers will obviously buy from the competitors. Therefore, producers must assess the impacts of their decisions in order to decrease or increase prices. It is worth to note that few sellers in the market may be rivals. This may eventually lead to conflict (Sa muelson Marks, 2006). However, there is great ease of entry into the market unlike the case with a monopolistic structure. Pricing Strategies Sellers first understand the behavior of consumers before setting prices. The pricing policy of an individual producer affects others. Therefore, there is an element of price rigidity that compels producers to opt for non-price competition (Samuelson Marks, 2006). At this point, prices are no longer depicted by demand and supply. Prices are set after critical, interactive and strategic thinking (Samuelson Marks, 2006). The fate of oligopoly pricing strategy is interdependent even though it is determined by economic factors such as consumers’ tastes and preferences.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Monopoly Description This refers to a market structure whereby there is only one seller of a particular product. In other words, a single firm in the market offers goods or services to consumers. Nonetheless, pure monopolies are rare. From the statistical review of literature, it is evident that a monopolistic market generates approximately 3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the developed economies such as the US and UK (Samuelson Marks, 2006). Hence, monopoly exists when 90% of the market is dominated by a single firm. Rubin and Dnes (2010) elucidate that barriers to market entry are common in this type of market structure. This is a precondition that is deliberately set to prevent other firms from venturing into the market (Rubin Dnes, 2010). Furthermore, there are no perfect substitutes. Consumers have no choices to make since they have to buy products available in the market. Pricing Strategies Prices of goods and services are determined by single players in this type o f a market structure. Most monopolists use trial and error method when pricing their products. Ellickson et al (2012) argue that monopolists also determine prices by balances profits and losses. When a firm reaches an equilibrium point where marginal costs are in the same level with marginal returns, monopolists decide their best market price (Samuelson Marks, 2006). Usually, monopolists set higher prices that generate maximum gains. However, a firm may differentiate prices for various buyers in diverse regions. The price differentiation approach depends on the elasticity of demand. Dumping is also a pricing strategy used by monopolists (Rubin Dnes, 2010). In this regard, products fetch higher prices at the domestic market than in the international platform. However, monopolists do not just escalate prices. In other words, the optimal price is influenced by demand (Ellickson et al., 2012). Case Study with examples In the last few years, intense competition has been witnessed among telecommunication companies that supply cables, satellites and other communication services. Broadcasting networks have also exercised perfect competition for several decades. Internet service providers and social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Google plus have thrived in perfect competition (Samuelson Marks, 2006). This has greatly encouraged other service providers to venture into the market.  Besides, firms that produce and sell foodstuffs such as fast food restaurants and supermarket outlets exercise monopolistic competition. These sellers produce diverse brands that appeal to the larger market niche (Samuelson Marks, 2006). The deregulation of products’ varieties and discounts gives clients the freedom to purchase goods or services that they can afford.  In the United States, there are limited number of organizations that offer similar services and products. For instance, the Airbus and Boeing companies are renowned aircraft companies tha t compete against each other (Samuelson Marks, 2006). There are also hybrid automobiles that compete with traditional gasoline-powered automobiles. World-renowned soft drink companies such as Coca Cola and Pespi compete through pricing strategies thereby making the market to be oligopolistic in nature (Samuelson Marks, 2006). Some countries such as the US and India give firms and business people exclusive rights to sell their inventions for a specified period. Therefore, some firms have patents that grant them authority to sell their products for a period of 10 years (Samuelson Marks, 2006). This prevents other people from copying, processing or applying such ideas. A good example is the Microsoft Company that deals with computer software. It spearheads monopoly by preventing the entry of other compute software companies into the market (Samuelson Marks, 2006). Governments have been known to allow lawful monopolies for a given length of time. Conclusion From the above discussion , it is explicit that a market environment influences pricing strategies. There are four major market structures. These market structures have diverse attributes such as the degree of barrier to market access, the extent to which a firm controls the price, and the number of sellers. In monopolistic and perfect competition, there are numerous sellers hence there is no entry barrier into the market. Therefore, producers set prices that are influenced by elasticity of demand. In oligopoly, there are a few sellers competing against each other and prices are determined by other economic factors apart from demand and supply. There are significant but less prohibitive market barriers and price rigidity in oligopolistic markets. Contrastingly, a monopoly has a single firm supplying and determining the price of products in a market. There are numerous barriers that prevent other potential sellers from entering a monopolistic market. References Ellickson, P. B., Misra, S., Nair, H. S. (2012) . Repositioning Dynamics and Pricing Strategy. Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), 49(6), 750-772. Rubin, P. H., Dnes, A. W. (2010). Managerial economics: a forward looking assessment. Managerial Decision Economics, 31(8), 497-501. Samuelson, W., Marks, S. G. (2006). Managerial economics. Boston: John Wiley Sons, Inc. 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Ethnicity Issues in William Shakespeares Titus Adronicus

World War II Research Essay Topics

World War II Research Essay Topics Students are often required to write a paper on a topic as broad as World War II, but you should know that the instructor will expect you to narrow your focus to a specific thesis. This is especially true if you are in high school or college. Narrow your focus by making a list of words, much like the list of words and phrases that are presented in bold type below. Then begin to explore related questions, like those that follow the words in this list and come up with your own cool WWII topics. The answer to questions like these can become a good starting point of a thesis statement. Culture and People When the US entered into war, everyday life across the country changed drastically. From civil rights, racism, and resistance movements to basic human needs like food, clothing, and medicine, the aspects of how life was impacted are immense. African-Americans and rights. What impact did the war years have on the rights of African-Americans? What were they allowed or not allowed to do?Animals. How were horses, dogs, birds, or other animals used? Did they play a special role?Art. What art movements were inspired by wartime events? Is there one specific work of art that tells a story about the war?Clothing. How was fashion impacted? How did clothing save lives or hinder movement? What materials were used or not used?Domestic violence. Was there an increase or a decrease?Families. Did new family customs develop? What was the impact on children of soldiers?Fashion. Did fashion change significantly for civilians? What changes had to be made during wartime?Food preservation. What new preservation and packaging methods occurred during and after the war? How was this helpful?Food rationing. How did rationing impact families? Were rations always the same for different groups of people? Were soldiers affected by rations?Love letter s. What do letters tell us about relationships, families, and friendships? What about gender roles? New words. What new vocabulary words emerged during and after WWII?Nutrition. Were there battles that were lost or won because of the foods available? How did nutrition change at home during the war because of the availability of certain products?Penicillin and other medicine. How was penicillin used? What medical developments occurred during and after the war?Resistance movements. How did families deal with living in an occupied territory?Sacrifices. How did family life change?Womens work at home. How did womens work change at home during the war? What about after the war ended? Economy and Workforce For a nation that was still recovering from the Great Depression, World War II had a major impact on this countrys economy and workforce. When the war began, the fate of the workforce changed; overnight, American factories were repurposed to produce goods to support the war effort and women took on jobs that were traditionally held by men, who were now off to war. Advertising. How did food packaging change during the war? How did advertisements change in general? What were the advertisements for?Occupations. What new jobs were created? Who filled these new roles? Who filled the roles that were previously held by many of the men who went off to war?Propaganda. How did society respond to the war? Do you know why?Toys. How did the war impact the toys that were manufactured?New products. What products were invented and became a part of popular culture? Were these products present only during war times, or did they exist after? Military, Government, and War Americans were mostly against entering the war up until the bombing of Pearl Harbor, after which support for the war grew, as did armed forces. Before the war, the US didnt have the large military forces it soon became known for, with the war resulting in 16 million entering the service. The role the military played in the war, and the impacts of the war itself, were vast. Americas entry into the war. How is the timing significant? What factors are not so well known?Churchill, Winston. What role did this leader play that interests you most? How did his background prepare him for his role?Clandestine operations. Governments went to great lengths to hide the true date, time, and place of their actions.Destruction. Many historic cities and sites were destroyed in the U.K.- Liverpool, Manchester, London, and Coventry- and in other nations.Hawaii. How did events impact families or society in general?The Holocaust. Do you have access to any personal stories?Italy. What special circumstances were in effect?Kilroy was here. Why was this phrase important to  soldiers?  Nationalist Socialist movement in America. What impact has this movement had in society and government since WWII?Political impact. How was your local town impacted politically and socially?POW camps after the war. Where were they and what happened to them after the war? Heres a starting poin t: Some were turned into race tracks after the war! Prisoners of war. How many POWs were there? How many made it home safely? What were some long-lasting effects?Spies. Who were the spies? Were they men or women? What side were they on? What happened to spies who were caught?Submarines. Were there enemy submarines on a coast near you? What role did submarines play in the war?Surviving an attack. How were military units attacked? How did it feel to jump from a plane that was disabled?Troop logistics. How were troop movements kept secret? What were some challenges of troop logistics?Views on freedom. How was freedom curtailed or expanded?Views on governments role. Where was the governments role expanded? What about governments elsewhere?War crime trials. How were trials conducted? What were the political challenges or consequences? Who was or wasnt tried?Weather. Were there battles that were lost or won because of the weather conditions? Were there places where people suffered more because of the weather?Women in warfare. What roles did women play during the war? What surprises you about womens work in World War II? Technology and Transportation With the war came advancements in technology and transportation, impacting communications capabilities, the spread of news, and even entertainment. Bridges and roads. What transportation-related developments came from wartime or postwar policies?Communication. How did radio or other types of communication impact key events?Motorcycles. What needs to be led to the development of folding motorcycles? Why was there widespread use of military motorcycles by the government?Technology. What technology came from the war, and how was it used after the war?TV technology. When did televisions start to appear in homes, and what is significant about the timing? What TV shows were inspired by the war, and how realistic were they? How long did World War II affect TV programming?Jet engine technology. What advances can be traced to WWII needs?Radar. What role did radar play, if any?Rockets. How important was rocket technology? Shipbuilding achievements. The achievements were quite remarkable during the war. Why and how did this happen?

Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOP) - Essay Example It is governed by ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act). A stock option gives an employees of an organisation the right to buy shares at a price fixed (usually the market price, but sometimes lower) for a defined number of years into the future. Several options such as those based on the percentage of pay basis, a merit formula, an equal basis, or any other formula the company chooses might be granted (NCEO, 2005). According to the US Securities and Exchange Commission "an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) is a retirement plan in which the company contributes its stock to the plan for the benefit of the company's employees" (SEC). ESOPs were given a specific statutory framework in 1974. (NCEO, 2005) and through the plan employees are allowed to own stock in their companies without having to purchase shares (Employee Stock). ESOPs are generally more common among closely held companies and are usually created when a retiring owner wants to transfer ownership of the company to one or more employees (Employee Stock). Similar to other quali fied deferred compensation plans, a company's ESOPs must not discriminate in their operations in favour of highly compensated employees, officers, or owners (NCEO, 2005). To achieve this, companies are required by law to appoint a trustee to act as the ESOP's plan fiduciary. This fiduciary could be anyone, while larger companies tend to appoint external trust institutions; smaller companies typically appoint a manager or create an ESOP trust committee. (NCEO, 2005) In setting up an ESOP, a company first approaches a lender to borrow money; this is known as a "leveraged" ESOP. In this approach, the company first sets up a trust, which then borrows money from a lending institution. The company then repays the loan by making tax-deductible contributions to the trust, which the trust gives to the lender. The loan however must and can only be used by the trust to acquire stock in the company. Benefits of ESOP's. The objective of most stock option plans is providing a kind of investment for employees so they also can become part owners of a company. It has been observed that companies with employee-owners often boast higher productivity and increased employee loyalty, longevity and satisfaction. This is due to the fact that the employees are indeed co-owners of the companies and this is translated into benefits such as: efficiency and productivity. According to management experts the best way to make employees owners is to give them shares in the company rather than asking them to pay for their shares. Another advantage of the ESOP is that it costs the employees nothing to co-own the company and after employees leave the company or retire, the company distributes to them the stock purchased on their behalf, or its cash value (NCEO, 2005). In return for agreeing to funnel the loan through the ESOP, the company can save money through a number tax is deferments until the employee retires (Employee Stock). This is done in a number of ways: First, the company can deduct the entire loan contribution it makes to the ESOP, within certain payroll-based limits as allowed by law. This means that a company can in effect deduct both interest and principal on the loan, not just interest. Secondly, the company can also deduct dividends paid on the shares acquired with the proceeds of the loan that are used to repay the loan itself (in other words, the earnings of the stock

Corporate Reputation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 2

Corporate Reputation - Assignment Example Thus, corporate reputation is rooted in the following three intertwined aspects including the existent company values (as exemplified by the company/ organizational culture), the entity’s services and products offered, and the overall coexistence and interpersonal relationships existent in the entity’s employee base. In addition, pertinent procedures and processes, which aid in the smooth running of the business, are vital. Overall, corporate reputation rests on the existent industry legislation/regulations, the influencers, who include labor/trade unions and bodies, in addition to, the very influential media and press, regional and national influence (in the form of government action and taxation, in addition to, existent professional advisors), and the overall existent industry structure. This encompasses existent competitors, suppliers, new business entities and most importantly the customer/ consumer base. Internally, the employee base, following a set of procedures (company rules and regulations) in addition to the entity’s products and services, combines to represent the entity’s corporate reputation (Boyd, 2010, p. 67). As Lee and Roh (2012: 649) posit, corporate reputation is considered as an intangible quality, which aids in the differentiation of a specific business entity from other existent entities. This is in addition to its attraction and hence retention of customers towards not only purchasing, but also repurchasing of its goods/ products and services, with a willingness towards paying more (premium prices) for the same. Hence, the presence of high corporate reputation, being vital to an entity’s value, in addition to being a critical measure of performance, acts as a cost-saving mechanism of entities. It functions as a mechanism, which aids in the decrease of overall consumer uncertainty through an increase in customer satisfaction, the existent customer base, and wholesome marketing effectiveness. In business entities possessing such a quality, its employees are often more competent, hence the need for contracting measures in addition to monitoring expenses and costs.

Benefits versus Negative Effects of World War II Research Paper

Benefits versus Negative Effects of World War II - Research Paper Example That is why there has been a heated debate regarding the beneficial aspect of the war. While one group of people believes that Hitler always had plans to exterminate the Jews, the other group of functionalists argues that the war and the holocaust were reached at in a random way. Nonetheless, it can be agreed that the war was not an accident. Negative effects of the War All parts of the world experienced the effect of World War II. It is due to the fact that most of the world’s most powerful military groups such as Germany, Britain, Italy, the United States and Japan were involved. It included attacks of different countries that included Japan whose negative experiences after the bombings at the Pearl Harbor are still felt today with the birth of children with physical disabilities (Plog par. 2). There were five times more the number of casualties as compared to the First World War with many people amounting to fifty-five million were killed. Adolf Hitler, who was a dictator, was a key player and a participant in the activities before World War II. He mainly made the decision that related to the extermination policy as a state sanction (Fic par. 10). It mainly involved inhuman acts that lowered an individual’s level of decency as portrayed by Himmler who thought that the elimination of Jews and the other groups, which were considered undesirable, was a burden and an unpalatable task (Heilbrunn, p. 2). The associated atrocities committed during the invasion of Poland elicited a high level of criticism. The actions of Hitler and two of his two main aides and lieutenants can be considered to have been founded on wrong reasons. As Heilbrunn indicates, Himmler was involved in fights mainly in an effort to spread anti Semitic ideas, racism, extreme nationalism, and hostility to democracy. These radical ideologies were meant to be incorporated with a more comprehensive world view. It was a good move as it provided grounds for educating the peasants in Lo wer Bavaria about the connection between Jews, capitalists and Freemasons. Moreover, Longerich and Gerwarth assert that the Nazis were involved in sinister delusions about the power of the Jews. It is because of this that Thomas Mann describes their activities as the transformation of the entire continent into a â€Å"thick-walled torture chamber† in his novel â€Å"Doctor Faustus† (Heilbrunn p. 3). However, Hitler claimed that the war was started on the effort to solve most of the problems in Germany. These included the versatile treaty which if defied German would become a great country again. As Heilbrunn indicates, Hitler was involved in the war in order to bring â€Å"peaceful coexistence† between Czechs. Himmler, on the other hand, contends that members of the SS killed â€Å"decently† (Heilbrunn p. 3). He indicates that, unlike individual views that the Jews were killed out of sexual, selfish and sadistic reasons, the Nazis conducted the executions purely on grounds of valid political motives. It is as a result of this that he made a decision to deport millions of them (McIntosh, p. 1). Effect on Women During the war, the lives of numerous women were disrupted as they had to adapt to difficult conditions such as several nights of blackout. They additionally had to go through terror and fearful moments from the planes that constantly flew above them and Lorries that made

Product line extension of coca cola

Product line extension of coca cola Coca-Cola Company had been with many of fights before it became which now is. Its years begun in 1886 in which a pharmacist of named Atlanta Juan Pemberton raised with a water of the drink, a cane sugar syrup, a caffeine, kola nut and cola leaves extracts. The drink that was found to be nutritious and restoration. Pemberton along with its accountant, frank Robinson sold it to the market. Robinson suggested the appointment of the Coca-Cola drink after his two ingredients and so he was. They called it delicious and that it recovered. Nevertheless, Pemberton died in 1888 with its gains that only ascended to $50. It sold to his company to Handle Candler, druggist to by greater of Atlanta for the cost of $2.300. In 1892, Candler and its brother, Juan, frank Robinson and his two colleagues established Coca-Cola Company. Further to do his drink known public, it passed $11,000 of 1892 for the posters of the drink, murals and distributed the aviators who can be seen in most of the markets. The company established his first plant of the drink in Dallas, Roofing tiles. The drink was then first in bottle by a bottling company in Vicksburg, Mississippi. A year later, was sold the country throughout. Two lawyers named to youngest child Thomas and Jose Whitehead from Chattanooga, Tennessee bought the rights of distribution of the syrup of the coke of the company in 1899. More ahead, both they divide due to the differences in time and to the money. Thomas had the rights for the Northeast coast and of the West whereas Whitehead supervised the territories of the Southeastern, the Southwest and the near west. The drink had its first curved contour of the bottle in 1915 based on the one form of the cocaine. Candler retired of its work and passed its rights to its children. He made mayor of Atlanta in 1916. Ernest Woodruff of Columbus, Georgia bought to company in 1919 worthy of $25 million. His son, Robert made the president of the company. Robert spent more time than he investigated on the commercialization the drink that the manufacture he. Two mottos were added under their term: The Pause that Refreshes and Its the Real Thing. Since then, Coca-Cola grew until it became which was known today. Product line Extension A line of products extension is the use of the mark of a product established for a new article in the same category of the product. The line extensions happens when a company introduces additional articles in the same category of the product under same mark as new flavors, forms, colors, the added, so large ingredients of the package. Marketing Plan for Product Line Extension of Coca Cola The company of the base of the company of Coca-Cola is to benefit and to recover each one that reaches. Founded on 1886, we are the main, selling manufacturer, and distributor of the world of the concentrated ones and the syrups without alcohol of the drink, that are used to produce almost 400 trade names of the drink which they compensate wide list. The corporative headquarters settle down in Atlanta, and we are celebrating local operations inside on 200 countries around the world. The activities cover all the sectors with the industry of drinks. It is the second main functional drink player and Asian of the specialty, whereas the number that aligns one in the value for ready-to-drinks the sector of the tea. The Bubble Buzz will be a drink in bottle and will be placed as the only one ready-to-drinks the product of the tea of the bubble available in the market. The drink will have a green base of the tea with the heightened flavors of the fruit (fruit, mills and passion lime) as well as per them of the tropical. It will bring an experience that drinks entirely only its consumers. One will appear like cowardly and unusual alternative to the traditional tea whereas it provides the great taste of the authentic juice of fruit in attractive and advisable packing. The strategic paper of the humming of the bubble for the Coca-Cola Company is centered on three objectives: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In order to remain in the vanguard like the leader of market in innovating product introductions and guessed right product launchings; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In order to consolidate and to satisfy the necessities with the consumers more adventurers of the generation and with a new product eye-catching and functional; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In order to make the leader of market in the functional segment of drinks with the increasing quotas of market. Situation Analysis INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Consumption: The volume of sales for the functional segment of drinks in Canada it has reached $342.2 million in 2004 after a volume of 125.9 million liters. This segment of the product has demonstrated a constant growth from 1999: an increase of 13.5% during 6 years. The tariff of the consumption per capita in 2004 has reached 3.94 liters, that a compared increase 4.0% represents in 1999. The growth of this particular market is to a great extent due to a slow change in tendencies of the consumer. Trends: With early years 60, the nonalcoholic drinks were synonymous with the colas in the mind of consumers. In the years 80 and years 90, nevertheless, other drinks (of the water in bottle to the tea) got to be more popular. Coca-Cola and Pepsi responded extending their offerings with alliances (e.g. Coke and Nestea) and acquisitions (e.g. Coke and Minute Maid), but also being centered efforts in the diversification of the list. Today, whereas the value of the industry of the smooth drink has increased of 2004, the sales of volume of carbonic nonalcoholic drinks have declined due to a great proportion of the consumers who are deciding on the tendency towards healthier alternatives in the functional segment of the drink (the drinks, the smoothies, milk and the juice of the energy drinks, drunk of the sports) as well as the juice and the water in bottle. They have contracted the companies actively to new product progresses to contradict the preoccupations every greater time by negative impacts of the health of drinks of high degree of fruitful, but also to increase the demand in a market where the offerings of the product are being matured quickly. The new introductions of the flavor and the health-conscious formulations have been sent in an attempt to compensate the declination in carbonic sales of the smooth drink. One hopes that the functional market demonstrates maintained years of the interest of the growth and the consumer in the future whereas the consumption changes of position to products to trendier more, healthier and more falsified. Profitability future growth potential: In 1993, the producers of the concentrated one gained to 29% benefits before taxes in their sales, whereas the embotelladores gained benefits of 9% in their sales, for the beneficial total of the industry of 14%. Whereas the functional sector of drinks explains only 3.7% of the total sales of nonalcoholic drinks in 2004, the estimations are foretelling a growth of 7.3% in sales and 11.0% in the consumption of the volume before 2009. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Brand strength Coca-Cola Company is the greatest manufacturer, distributor and the salesman of the concentrated ones and syrups without alcohol of the drink in the world. The trade name of Coca-Cola is unarguably one of the reconocibles trade names of the 200 countries in where it sells his products. The strong mark is one of the base for the competitive advantage of the company in several of its markets of the base. Effective strides in new markets Coca-Cola has partnered with several companies (such as company at risk shared with Nestle) to increase the capacity to react to the demands and the changes in the markets of the tea, the coffee and the frozen juice. The markets that become are more complex than carbonic nonalcoholic drinks. Results of operations In 2004, the yields of network-operation added approximately $21.9 billion, an increase of 8% as of 2002. The gross benefit added $14.3 billion of 2004. The company heavy generated $5.968 million its activities of operation and reinvierte in its business. The capacity to generate liquidity flows significant is one of its dominant forces. Strong existing distribution channels Coca-Cola have operations everywhere and are established in their channels of distribution (such as retailers of the warehouse or machines of sale). Therefore, a new product launching can trust typically the existing system of the distribution to reach to most of its market of target whereas the delivery does not require any important progress of supply / delivery. Weaknesses Relying upon line extensions Extensions is to trust sales of the increase of the extensions of trade name in the specific lines, particularly its carbonic products of long term of the smooth drink (that is to say. the introduction of the coke of helped vanilla to maintain the sales for drinks of the tail of the base). Nevertheless, there is a strong risk to recover the usable pieces existing sales to the long term (for example, the tea of the bubble could dissuade in the sales for the frozen tea). Reliant upon particular carbonated drinks The presence of long term of the drink of the coke of Coca-Cola has established this particular line like product of the ship standard. Whereas the products of the coke of the base bring a solid base of sales and loyalty to the company, expectations of the consumers las also anchor more and more and single-they are aligned, clearing the freedom in the areas of the line diversification and the product modifications (taste, packed, price). Brand dilution The enormous amount of existing new product and trade names that were introduced by the company could diminish the value and forces distinguishing of each product that is being manufactured. Entrance into difficult non-core categories Coca-Cola Company is a truely global multinational giant of the business. Whereas some product categories are distributed in many areas of the globe (coke, Powerade, etc.), the geographic necessities require since these global trade names are adapted heavy to their region of the target. In addition, many lines of smaller and diversified products are more or less popular in a particular region on another one. Therefore, the process to diversify to the production and the commercialization each product implies expensive investments. These requirements of capital increase typically whereas the product focuses heavy (for example, since the trade name of Coca-Cola is world-wide highly reconocible, the commercialization a coke bottle in Japan would be less difficult that the commercialization to the bottle of Qoo in which he himself country Qoo that is a drink nongasified less well-known than was one of the newest introduction of the trade name of Coca-Cola in 1999). Saturation of carbonated soft drink segment Due to the countless number of the trade names available in the market, more and more gets to be difficult in the segment of nonalcoholic drinks to innovate and to create the new products that genuine are stopped towards outside their competition. And like we have seen, an analysis of the industry has demonstrated that the growth in the market of nonalcoholic drinks gets to be difficult and desafiador when the conditions and the tendencies of the consumer cause a demand of the market that remains suspended. Opportunities New product introductions The functional market of drinks are one that allows particularly more opportunities of the innovation and gives the greater freedom for the creativity in the design, production, manufacture, distribution, promotion and the options and the processes selling to by minor. Brand is attractive to global partners Due to the size of the company (value including, marks and the yields of operation) and the wide base of the list, Coca-Cola enjoys a spending power hard on its jets, and also e.g. attracts great societies with the several levels of the reach of the consumer ( Burger King, promotions of the study of the film, agreements of the sponsorship, etc.). The knowledge of existing trade name also provides a field that plays international for the long-range strategies of the commercialization. Threats Strong competition Coca-Cola is competing in a global market that is characterized by oligopoly between several (but little in numbers) competing. The fight for the quotas and the sales of market in tight markets becomes complex. Potential health issues The present tendency of the consumer and the consumers agrupan knowledge towards merchandise and the services are beneficial and threatening for the companies in the sector of nutritional products and drinks. On the last years, the excessive editions of the health of the preoccupations have risen in means with to have extended and the network every greater time of the knowledge makes leave (the newspapers, the TV channels, Internet and so on). The movement of the youngest generation towards one more a healthier call of the form of life for the planning and the careful decision making in new product progresses. The big companies can also make easily the white apprehension of consumes. Free trade In an era of globalization, the great international competitors can leave with the comparative advantages (the constant fight to continue being the first motor and leader of market in a long term phantom). The editions appear when taking care of the competition of the price and the economic development. The commercial organizations also take control in front of the public pressure that can interrupt operations in or more areas of the company. COMPETITION The superior competitors of Coca-Cola for the industry of nonalcoholic drinks are PepsiCo (31.6%) and Cadbury- Schweppes (15.8% of the market), that combined, represents near 48% of the total market. Coca-Cola is leading with 43.7% of the total market of nonalcoholic drinks. In the functional sector of drinks, PepsiCo is the leader of present market with 60.5% of the quotas of market in 2004. Coca-Cola Co is secondly with 32,8%. The Bubble Buzz will send in a unserved at the moment the subgroup of that market (RTD Ready-TO-Drink tea of the bubble), that until this moment unexisting. It is anticipated that the following trade names could potentially compete with Bubble Buzz in the functional market of drinks: Energetic, Lipton froze the tea, Sobe (had by PepsiCo), as well as Snapple and the hawaiano sacador (had by Cadbury/Schweppes). The Bubble Buzz also creates a potential situation for the cannibalism with Coca-Cola very has other functional drink and trade names of the frozen tea. The present tea becomes fragments of the bubble of the fortraditional of the market, since the distribution restricts to the local plugs and the points of sale such as accountants and small tea of the bubble make purchases in locations dispersed through Canada. Nevertheless, the direct competition of these local players is not anticipated, from the commercialization roll-towards outside it will accentuate initially in knowledge of the product and both channels of sales do not reach nor serve he himself market (that sells to by minor against accountant/the restoration). A strong system of the distribution exists or with Coca-Cola, since the societies and the channels are or in place. This will facilitate the reach of the product in its market of target. Barriers to entry: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Due to the number of competitors, it will be hard to prevent behavior with imitation (Specially of PepsiCo) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Risk of the competition with the private labels that emerge (e.g. Choice of president) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Given the ample range of the trade names (saturation in the market of the smooth drink), one becomes a challenge so that the humming of the bubble is stopped towards outside à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To produce tea in bottle of the bubble requires the investments of important capitals for the specific necessities of the chain of the manufacture (of the ingredients to the specifications of packed final) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The campaign of the commercialization to do this trade name not known popular requires more promotional expenses that an extension of traditional trade name. Target Market Segment identification: RTD (Ready-to-it drinks) bottled tea of the bubble, to be established within the functional sector of drinks. Segment needs: The product will supply to the necessities and social of the necessities of the calorie of bothphysiology ( hydrating and nutritional value) (opinion of a social drink, of the diversion with a sense to belong within groups of the consumer of the pair). Segment trends: The present tendencies include a change far from foods of the scrap iron and the drinks carbonated, an interest every greater time for beneficial healthier products/for the mind and body, the tendency towards the availability of in the products for those with a form of active life, as well as the tendency for the personalizacià ³n with the adjustment for particular requirements go (or for drinks, with variety-looking for in a wide introduction of flavors). Segment growth potential: The statistical information anticipate a growth of the segment of excessive the 1.72% 9 next years (2015) for the 10-29 years. Positioning strategy The only tea in bottle RTD of the bubble available. The cowardly bottle and eye-catching, the functional packed one, the experience that drink superior-appraised, fresh, new and unusual, unique, the aspects of the game (to per them of the tapioca, colored straw of great size), the variety of flavors, candy, recovering, for the hip and young people, a healthier alternative to the heavy-sugar drinks. Marketing Objectives The objectives of the plan of the commercialization are centered strategic around 3 criteria: in order to create a strong knowledge of the consumer towards a totally new product of the tea of the bubble of Coca-Cola, to establish a recognition of ample trade name with the capture of the quotas of market in the functional segment of drinks, and to make the leader of superior market in that particular segment within the foretold sales it calculates. Marketing Program Product Strategy The core :.The drink of the tea of the bubble in pre-having bottling, ready-to-drinks format. The Actual Product Packaging and labeling: Branding: colorful, the aspect of the game, formed, prominent standard round of the Bubble Buzz written in the modern source, catchphrases for example Thinks outside The bubble and Get Your Buzz. Trade name: Bubble Buzzà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, a Coca-Cola product Brand personality: cowardly, fresh, functional, original, amused, healthy energy, etc. Brand equity: Coca-Cola provides a reputation of the quality, constant, accessible innovator and of the smooth drink. Augmented product: Nutritional information, state (drunk social), characteristics that promote the Web site, subsidy by disease of a green base of the tea. Marketing considerations Product life cycle: The Bubble Buzz is a product under-that learns. With a strong campaign of the commercialization, the sales will to immediately begin and the advantages of the purchase are understood easily. Since the Bubble Buzz is prone imitation of the product, the strategy of Coca-Cola is to quickly widen the distribution that is at the moment feasible thanks to the high capacity of manufacture of the company. Product class: Food beverage- Soft Drinks- Functional Drinks Bubble Buzz follows the practice of product modification: Coca-Cola is introducing an existing drink (tea of the bubble) but redefines the drink with a new one, more advisable package. The tea of the bubble now will become a drink extensively available in the multiple that sells to by minor the channels (of the distribution). Price Strategy The strategy of the price that will be undertaken must consider the aspects following: 1. Demand of consumer 2. The service life of product 3. The demand of potential Customer demand Customer demand Client of the substitutes is a crucial factor that is lead by the taste, the rent and the availability of others the similar products in a diverse price (mentioned more ahead in the potential it replaces the section). For many of consumers, the value and the price highly are related: the higher the price, the higher the valueTherefore, the intention of Coca-Cola to place Bubble Buzz like unique, innovating and attractive product gives certain control him on price of the Bubble Buzz. To be able to put the appraisal in execution above nevertheless, the minimization of the nonmonetary costs to the clients must also be along with includes the knowledge of the product (remarkably announcing) and values (the advantages). The Product Lifecycle The company must also take to advantage the fact that newer it is the product and previous inside its service life upper the price can be generally. It assures a margin benefit of the overflow whereas adopters early buy the product and the company/signature tries to recover costs of the development quickly and also it brings certain prestige to the product. Potential substitutes Coca-Cola is forced by the monopolistic market in which he competes. The basic characteristics nevertheless are product differentiation. Promotion Strategy Objectives: In order to initiate strong knowledge on the launching of the bubble it makes fun of to transverse of consumers of the generation and (10-29 years) as well as its parents. In order to gain the quotas of market on our superior functional competitor of drinks, PepsiCo. Message: The promotional exits will transport the clear message that the Bubble Buzz is a healthy Drink for sporty and young people who simply enjoy taking care of their body and life. Concepts: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Think outside the bubble: BeBold, BeOriginal, BeDifferent, BeYourself. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A good spirit in a good body. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ For the out-of-the-ordinary individuals who like to challenge themselves. Media selection: Before choosing the appropriate averages, it is important to observe that the consumers of the generation and give only the partial attention to means. Nevertheless, they can be reached with integrated programs. They are using typically average of more than a communication simultaneously; a behavior that often is called the works multiple. This group of consumers does not give his complete attention to a single message, but the continuous partial attention uses something to explore means. The salesmen can immovable communicate with the generation and using a variety of pointed promotional tools. Another tactics important to reach our market of target are with the viral commercialization or of the Buzz , that Coca-Cola will use heavy in this campaign (campus, competitions). Promotional Mix: Consumer oriented: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Competitions: Win another Bubble Buzz flavour, Uncover a secret code underneath the bottle cap and win sporting goods and electronics by logging on the website, Win a trip and tickets and hotel package for west indies . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Samples: distributed in supermarkets, school/universities. The samples are a way to avoid resistance of the product since they do not use people to find bubbles in his drinks. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Discussions: It will animate purchases of the new product and represents little dangerous for the consumers since he obtains it for free. They do not have anything to loosen trying it. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Point of the purchase: in supermarkets (to reach to the parents of the generation and). Discussions: It is also means to increase test of the product and provides a good visibility of the product. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Others: To subsequent years, it hooks to the positioning of the product in demonstrations or films of the TV. Trade oriented à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Permissions and discounts: permission of the case à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cooperative publicity: in order to animate to retailers who buy our product and maintain ours of high level of the announcement that the consumers hope of Coca-Cola. Other considerations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Scheduling of the publicity: Programming of the pulse (it is present at promotional throughout all the year, but accentuated and intensified before and during of summer). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ IMC (integrated marketing communication) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intermediary: the personal sale will be more of frequent use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Last consumer: Coca-Cola will use more of medioses of communication because the amount of potential buyers is great. Target Audience à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intermediary: the personal sale will be more of frequent use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ultimate consumer: Coca-Cola will use more of medioses of communication because the amount of potential buyers is great. Place (Distribution Strategy) The Bubble Buzz will be distributed through these channels: supermarkets, warehouses of convenience, independent warehouses of the food, multiple warehouses of discount, multiple grocers, direct machines of sale, sales. Contribution of Advertisement The strategy of the development of the trade name of Coca-Cola has been of great spread and has handled to remain in the calcium light since then felt well to a favorite with the drinkers without alcohol. One has noticed that the loyalty of trade name is an important factor in holding the position of number one. The article down suggests the several techniques of the building of the trade name of the company. Founded in 1886, the Coca-Cola Company enjoys the state of being one of the bigger companies without alcohol of the drink of the world. It has a system of the distribution that makes only of the rest of the manufacturers without alcohol of the drink. Over the years, Coca-Cola has passed several tests of the enhancement of the trade name and the company does a point to him that the products underneath the Coca-Cola of the flag continue invading the minds of the consumers. The strategy of the development of the trade name of Coca-Cola included the readjustment of its policies and techniques of development of the trade name to continue with mindset that it changed of his consumers. Previous, this trade name believed in the following one: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Produce the capacity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Availability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The acceptability Nevertheless, this strategy of the development of the trade name of Coca-Cola was re worked to tension in the following one instead of another one: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Value of the price à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Preference à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Penetrating Penetration. The essence of the building of the trade name of the company lies in the fact that it wanted that the accessibility of its consumer was within the reach of an arm of desire. In an attempt test to be constructed its identity of the trade name, so much as 20 qualities of trade name each participation of the month so much as 4000 clients. The strategy of the development of the trade name of Coca-Cola is effective since it has been able to construct, handles as well as it maintains his image of trade name from yesteryears. Learning Outcomes When establishing is rebirthed marketing plan every aspect of the marketing plan must be critically examined and thoroughly researched. This consists of examining of study of markets, reviewing of the business and the present situation (situation analysis) and carefully scrutinising of the industry and the possibilities of the smooth drink of Coca-Cola in the market. Once Coca-Cola has carefully acclimates internal and external of analysedthe of business and critically examined the industry in general who the most advisable strategies of the commercialization will be selected and these strategies will be administered close with effectiveness and continuously supervising to outer threats and opportunities and reviewing internal procedures of the effectiveness. Internal Business Environment The atmosphere of internal business and its influence is the one that is until certain point within the control of the business. The main qualities in the internal atmosphere include effectiveness in the production process, through abilities of management and effective communication channels. In order to control and to supervise with effectiveness the atmosphere of internal business, the coke must lead the continuous valuations of the operations of business and of acting easily on any factor, that they cause inefficiencies in any phase of the production and the process of the consumer. External Business Environment The atmosphere of external business and its influences is generally the long-range forces that can affect a whole industry and, in fact, a whole economy. The changes in the external atmosphere will create opportunities or the threats in the Coca-Cola of the market must be found out dull. The fluctuations in the economy, the attitudes and the values of the client that they change, and the demographic patterns heavy influence the success of products of the tail of Coke in the market and the reception that receive from the consumers. Developing the Marketing Mix The mixture of the commercialization is probably the most crucial stage of the process of the planning of the commercialization. Here it is where the tactics of the commercialization for each product are determined. The mixture of the commercialization refers the combination of the four factors (price, promotion, product, and place) that compose the base of the strategy of the commercialization of a business. In this passage of the process of the planning of the commercialization, the mixture of the commercialization is due to design to satisfy wishes of target markets and reaches the objectives of the commercialization. The guessed right businesses more have supervised and changed continuously their mixture of the commercialization due to respective the internal and external factors and have supervised the atmosphere of external business to maximize their components of the mixture of the commercialization. The Product Many products are the physical objects that you can have and to take. But the product of the word means much more that hardly physical merchandise. In the commercialization, the product also refers services, such as holidays or a film, where you enjoy the advantages without having the result of the service. The businesses must think of products about three diverse levels that are the product of the base, the real product and the increased product. The product of the base is what it is buying the consumer really and the advantages he gives. The clients of Coca-Cola are buying an ample nonalcoholic drink range. The real product is the pieces and the characteristics that give the product of the base. The consumers will buy the product of the coke due to the greater levels and the high quality of products of Coca-Cola. The increased product is the additional advantages and services of the consumer provided the clients. Since the nonalcoholic drinks are good consumable, the increased level very is limited. But Coca-Cola offers a line of the aid and a telephone service of the complaint for the clients who are not satisfied with the pr

World War Two After the Depression :: WWII World War 2 Essays

During 1940 depression weary Americans hoped that the new decade would bring better days than the previous one. War swept Europe and Asia. People began to wonder whether when war rumours began to flood the newspapers. People tried to ignore the war by going to movies, watching sports, and listening to music. By mid 1940 war was no longer possible to pretend. The time had come for citizens and representatives in Washington to take charge in the nation's course. Isolationists wanted to stay out of the war. Many small town people and rural flks wanted nothign to do with Europes affairs. The debate came down to whether or not the nation was ready or not to go to war. Americans grasped hope that a volunteer army would be more than enough for the troubled times to come. Army Chief of Staff George Marshall didn't agree. He said, "paper plans no longer will suffice. The security of our country depends on more trained men. There is no other way to do it." When Hitler took France Americans started to listen to what Churchill had to say as he was broadcasted over radios across the United States. The time came for the nation to take its course. The Selective Training and Service Act was passed September 19, 1940, by almost two-to-one margin in both houses of Congress. Two days later at the White House Roosevelt approved the act. The United States now had to take action. The nation would require its citizens to learn the art of self-defense in peacetime. The draft brought in men that were citizens of the United States and resident aliens. No more than 900,000 of them could be drafted during peacetime. The first big step in all of this was held on October 16, 1940, a day to be known as Registration Day. There were 125,000 registration centers across the nation. Here the young men came to enlist in the Army. On registration day Uncle Same brought in 16,500,000 men in one way or another. These men were the new defenders of the United States. Registration Day was only a day to lead up to the draft. The actual draft took place on Octobor 29, 1940. When the men registered across the nation they were given a number between one and 8,500. The first number to be called on the day of the draft was 158.

Augustine on creation and Aquinas on the existence of God Essay

In Augustine’s writing, The Confessions, he philosophically attempts to answer the problems that arise within religion, specifically in regards to Judeo Christian beliefs, pertaining to God, time, and creation. Augustine first addresses the belief that God created everything. He tries to provide a coherent explanation for his claim that God’s ex-nihilo (â€Å"out of nothing†) creation of the Earth is a sound statement, given that God created everything, and with it time. Thus, the notion of time never existed before its very point of creation. However, given that God created everything, and thus the universe, what was God doing before the universe’s creation that caused him to decide to create it or that it was now necessary as opposed to before. Furthermore, if God even had to make the decision whether or not the universe’s existence was necessary, making him arbitrary, wouldn’t that inherently falsify the claim that God is a perfect being (omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent) and thus is immutable. Augustine objects this claim by stating that God is eternal, in that he is timeless, and so exists outside the realm of time. He is therefore not bound (or defined) by any temporal concept. So, when faced with the problem of what God was doing before he created the universe, Augustine simply claims it is an illogical question. He justifies that if one accepts the belief that God is eternal and created everything, than one can’t logically ask what God was doing at a certain point before the creation of time itself, as it was not yet in existence. Augustine continues the debate on time, by calling its very existence into question. Augustine questions the commonly accepted notion of time by providing his theory of â€Å"presentism,† which basically reduces time into only the present tense. Augustine claims that when people talk in terms of the past, present, and future they’re only really talking about various forms of the present. Augustine tries to explain the various complications that arise when trying to determine the duration of present time. It is difficult to compare two different measurements of time if each period of â€Å"present† time given can be reduced into a minute instance of time that quickly disappears. So, one cannot measure something that has happened, because once it is in the past, it no longer exists. Augustine accepts that their appears to be an irrational aspect of presentism, in that by accepting the present as the only form of time, one would then seemingly have to agree that it wouldn’t make sense to refer to any moment of time occurring in either the past or the future. Augustine rationalizes any reference to the past, by defining it as the minds ability to recall imprinted memories of images left in the mind through the medium of one’s senses. Similarly, the foreseeing of future events is merely the act of prediction based off of things that were already present or previously seen (i.e. the assertion that the sun will rise tomorrow is only based on one’s own previous experience of having already watched the sun rise). Augustine acknowledges the apparent existence of past and future events, and answers the discrepancy by providing alternate terms to use in place of the existing tenses, which are the present of past things, the present of present things, and the present of future things. Furthermore, he redefines the definitions of his terms to mean that the present of past things is memory, the present of present things is attention, and the present of future things is expectation. Augustine continues the problem of measuring time, by recognizing that it would be impossible to measure something, which is not yet real, travels through what doesn’t occupy space, only to become something that is no longer real. He first tries to use the notion that time can be measured in relation to a corporeal object, such as the sun (i.e. a day). Yet, this method is rejected, because if one were to change the time it takes for the sun to rotate the Earth, the time allotted to a day would still remain the same, even if the sun were to set multiple times within a â€Å"days† time frame. Thus, he states that if the motion of any corporeal object is one thing, but the standard in which we measure it is another, time can not based off of any movement of a corporeal object. He then replaces this method of measurement with the example of sound, explaining that because we can measure time based on our voice, surely we can measure any interval of time based off any beginning and end. However, he claims that when measuring any form of sound, we are only measuring the impression the sound left on the mind, and thus are only measuring the impression left, not the time itself. Augustine then deduces that time is only produced from memories of impressions. Thus, time is nothing more than a manmade phenomenon that exists only within the realm of the human mind. He explains that this phenomenon exists within the mind in three different forms of reality. The three realities of the mind are comprised of when the mind expects, attends, or remembers. In other words, that what the mind expects, passes by way of what it attends, into being what it remembers. Furthermore, it is only our attention that endures, through which what is still to be makes its way into the state of where it is no more. Therefore, our attention is continually present, as the future is being passed through the present and changes into the past. Augustine concludes that it is this â€Å"tension† or flow that constitutes time, in that time can only be understood in terms of a manmade psychological phenomenon. For Augustine, his philosophical conclusion that time doesn’t exist in any tangible way but is merely a product of the human mind, justifies the claim that God’s existence is outside the realm of human’s perception of time. Augustine expects that from the acceptance of this notion of time, God’s exemption from time in no way means that he is deficient or more limited than humans in any aspect, but that conversely, he is more powerful. Aquinas Aquinas argues the problem of God’s existence in three ways: First, he addresses whether or not the existence of God is self-evident, second, whether or not his existence can be demonstrated and, finally, whether or not God actually exists. In addressing the issue of whether or not God’s existence is self-evident, Aquinas provides three objections in support of the argument. However, the objections are fundamentally flawed based on the premise that one can intellectually declare God doesn’t exist. However, in response, Aquinas counters this notion by redefining the ways in which something can be self-evident into two different categories. He says something can be self-evident in itself and not to us or both itself and us. Therefore, some concepts involving incorporeal substances can only be learned. Also, because God is His own existence, the proposition is no longer one that is self-evident. Thus, God’s self-evident existence can only be proven through demonstrating the natural things known to us, such as his affects; or, it is simply a prima fascie presumption. Aquinas provides the objections to his assertion, which accepts the fact that not everyone defines happiness or God in the same ways, or that Primal Truths are self-evident. Aquinas then discusses whether or not God’s existence can be proven by demonstration. He provides the objection that it can’t, on the fact that God’s existence is based entirely on faith, and that His essence can only be defined in terms of what He is not. Lastly, that no cause can be demonstrated by an affect that isn’t proportional. Aquinas answers, saying that God’s existence can be demonstrated in two ways. The first being through a priori methods, in which knowledge can be obtained without the need of experience, as seen with Anslem’s Ontological argument which proves the existence of God using a definition. The second way, which for Aquinas is the only legitimate way, is through a posteriori methods, in which any knowledge used must be gained through experience. Aquinas adheres to Aristotelian ideas, claiming that there is nothing in the intellect that didn’t once exist in the senses, and thus rejects that God’s existence could be demonstrated through any means other than those acquired through experience. For Aquinas, every effect must be the result of an inherent cause. So, one can prove God’s existence to be self-evident by demonstrating his existence based off the effects he produces. Aquinas continues by claiming that nothing prevents a man from understanding evidence demonstrated scientifically. Therefore, because God can be defined and proven in terms of his effects, we can conclude that God’s existence can be demonstrated. In order to attack the objections to the next question of whether or not God exists, Aquinas provides the proof of God’s existence with, The First Way, which is one of five. The First Way is the most visible and is based of the a posteriori argument of motion. Aquinas assumes that everyone can accept that within the world some things are in motion (as they can be observed), and that a thing’s motion has to have been caused by something other than itself. In other words, except something in motion already in a state of actuality, no motion can be converted from potentiality to actuality without the help of some outside source. Thus, Aquinas is influenced by the Aristotelian view of change, which is based of the assumption that a substance, defined as being a particular thing with a natural unity that persists yet changes in predictable ways, experiences two different forms of change: accidental and substantial. Accidental change occurs when a substance either loses an accidental form and gains another or gains a form without losing another (i.e. cutting one’s hair). Substantial change is the result of something that turns into a whole new being (i.e. a caterpillar into a butterfly). Thus, something that is potentially something else can’t simultaneously be that thing in actuality at the same time. For instance water, which is actually a liquid but potentially ice, cannot change its form into being ice without something acting upon it. Furthermore, building upon Aristotle’s views of change, Aquinas asserts that the same rule governing change can also be applied to the argument of movement. Therefore, if in accordance with the same rule, something in motion cannot simultaneously be both the mover and moved, since something in motion must be put in motion by something other than itself. Thus, in order to find what caused the first movement to occur, one would need to trace the seminal causes of such movement back to, in effect, infinity. However, Aquinas claims it’s illogical to accept that the initial force could only be defined in relation to an infinite chain of causes. Consequently, the only sound conclusion would have to include the existence of a first mover, such as something along the lines of an unmoved mover. For Aquinas, the existence of an unmoved mover/unchanged changer proves the existence of a force that could only be God. Aquinas concludes that only God could be the force behind the existence of some unmoved mover, if motion is created in two different ways. The first is exemplified by the example of some â€Å"X† (i.e. a leg) moving some â€Å"Y† (i.e. a ball). So, that in this first example, even though â€Å"X† causes the movement of â€Å"Y,† it also follows that â€Å"X† is moving too. Subsequently, Aquinas concludes that given the notion that any â€Å"X† which is able to cause â€Å"Y† to move, while at the same time able to remain motionless, could only be the result of a being â€Å"X† equivalent to a much-elevated force that uniquely has to be God.