Essay on The Holy Bible - Role of God in the Book of Job

The Changing Role of God in the Book of Job The Book of Job shows a change in God's attitude from the beginning to the end.  At the beginning of the book, He is presented as Job's protector and defender. At the end He appears as the supreme being lecturing and preaching to Job with hostility, despite the fact that Job never cursed his name, and never did anything wrong.   Job's only question was why God had beseeched this terrible disease on him. I intend to analyze and discuss the different roles God played in the Book of Job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the book opens, Job is God's "pride and joy", so to speak. Job was free of sin, he "feared God and shunned evil"(1:1). God apparently thinks higher of Job than any other mortal.   This is evidenced when he tells Satan that "There is no one on Earth like him; he is blameless and upright . . ."(1:8).   When Satan questions Job's faith God allows him to test Job, as if to show off his favorite servant.   This is an almost human quality in God--pride.   Satan's test involves the total destruction of everything Job owns and lived for:  Ã‚   his children his animals, and his estate.   Everything was destroyed but his wife, and of course the Four Messengers of Misfortune.   "In all this, Job did not sin by charging God with wrongdoing"(1:22).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   God shows more of the human characteristic of pride when He meets with Satan again.   God is almost gloating in this brief scene.   He praises Job further and maintains that Job is loyal:   Ã‚  Have you considered my servant Job?   There is no one on   Ã‚  Earth like him; he is blameless and upright, a man who fears   Ã‚  God and shuns evil.   And he still maintains his integrity, though   Ã‚  you incited me against him to ruin him without any rea... ...tried to make sense out of something they could not possibly understand.   God's anger could have also been instigated by the assumption that Job was getting closer and closer to cursing Him.   With each step of questioning, Job's faith might have been starting to be questioned.   This would embarrass God to Satan.   The former seems to be the more obvious reason however, the later, my own observation can not be ignored.   God exhibited human qualities in the beginning, like pride, and integrity, why would this God be immune to embarrassment?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any case, acknowledging that Job did not curse him in all of his misfortune, God once again returned to the status of Job's protector, and Job once again became God's favorite servant.   God blessed the later part of Job's life with double the fortune he had before and another ten children.   Job lived a full life.

Supply Chain Management Metrics

Selecting the key metrics to measure performance a long the supply chain can be crucial, as clear connections have to be made between the metrics and the business goals in order for the business to achieve the results they are looking for and also to achieve growth within the market place. Management should identify the key performance indicators they need to focus on, measuring these indicators can help them in reaching the company's goals. We have identified Total Throughput Time, Right First Time and On-Time Shipment Delivery as key supply chain metrics to measure across the supply chain. Total Throughput Time The total throughput time of an organisation captures the time the customer sales order is received to the time the product is ready to ship. This time is an accumulative of all the time spent from procuring the raw material to manufacturing and releasing the finished product to ship. This KPI is key to analysing the direct impact each internal and external process has on the customer receiving the order on time. It provides management with an overall view of the critical steps and the relationship each step has on getting the finished product to the customer. This time is usually measured in minutes or in working days. Management can work with the relevant department managers to set the target needed for each of the critical processes that have a direct impact on the customer order. Each department can then manage internally their individual KPI and work to the pre-determined target. Management can then monitor the KPI's weekly or monthly. This will provide management with a clear view on how each process is performing and can highlight any issues that could have a direct impact on the customer not receiving the order on time. Monitoring the KPI's will quicken response times to resolving issues if and when they arise. The customer will also be informed of this time so they can build this into their own forecast, the customer can then use this measure as the time it will take to receive their order on time from the supplier. The customer then knowing the capacity constraints of the supplier can eliminate the risk of over ordering and not receiving the product on time. Right First Time Measuring right first time internally on the product manufactured is an important factor for the organisation, it can identify the quality of the supply chain from start to finish, and how many deviations are occurring on the product right through the supply chain process. Right first time is usually measured in percentage, this percentage is based on the number of good product manufactured against the customer demand or manufacturing plan, any deviations along the supply chain process would have a negative effect on this percentage. Management will set out a target percentage for the organisation to achieve, and this has to be met by the organisation if the customer is to receive the order on time. This can then be monitored weekly or monthly by management. Right first time can be viewed either positively or negatively by the customer. If the supplier has a high right first time percentage, this can be viewed as a positive by the customer that the suppliers supply chain is strong with little deviations to the process. If on the other hand the supplier had a low right first time percentage, the customer could be worried that the suppliers supply chain is weak, which could have negative implications on the demand in the future, or that there is an issue with the quality of the product, this could lead to product re-calls and jeopardise the suppliers long term future with the customer. On-time shipment delivery The key performance metric I have chosen to discuss is On-time shipment delivery. This is the measurement within McAfee from the time the product ships from one of our fulfilment sites to successful delivery at a customer's site. The incoterm we use is FOB Origin which means the customer is invoiced for the product upon shipment and is responsible for the products in transit. We offer a pre pay and add solution that requires Mfe to manage the delivery to agreed service levels throughout the EMEA region. Each countries service level is unique depending on the physical location in EMEA , our broad rule is we will deliver within 2 – 4 business days to all EU major cities, our contracted forwarder (TNT) are responsible to achieve these targets and report daily on exceptions, weekly on performance & quarterly on the previous 12 weeks performance during our strategic business review. This service level agreement & reported performance is more importantly the Mfe logistics promise to our customer. We manage this KPI on a weekly performance report to Mfe corporate in North America, exceptions are clearly identified & clear corrective actions implemented when non performance trends are visible. This allows Mfe to clearly identify inherent weaknesses in a partner's delivery chain & assign important resources to provide resolution. This simple key performance indicator allows me to identify where issues rest in our regional supply chain, when we include additional regions & consolidate this report it allows clear visibility in a simple to read format of where we need to assign technical expertise. This simple KPI provides enormous value to our global supply chain and is an integral part of our relationship with McAfee customers & McAfee contracted suppliers. Conclusion When an organisation sets out to select metrics to measure their supply chain the critical goal that is common across all industries is that the metrics have to be aligned with the overall business strategy, doing this will help the organisation to become profitable and competitive, if this is not the case such heights will be harder to achieve as the focus will be on the wrong areas. Achieving the pre-determined metrics across the supply chain will have an end result of satisfying the customer.

The Juvenile Justice System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1264 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Juvenile Justice Essay Did you like this example? Should criminal acts by youths be given the same weight as those committed by adults, or should they be seen as mistakes that can be corrected by care and counseling? (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 502) A juvenile delinquent is defined as minors, usually defined as being between the ages of 10 and 18, who have committed some act that violates the law. These acts arent called crimes as they would be for adults. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Juvenile Justice System" essay for you Create order Rather, crimes committed by minors are called delinquent acts . The juvenile system goes through the course of rehabilitation, punishment, treatment, and custody. Many believe juveniles commit these delinquent acts due to exposure to social problems such as violence, racism, poverty, and culture. In the nineteenth century, all juvenile delinquents were tried as adult offenders. Today, adult offenders and juvenile offenders are tried under separate courts, with separate standards. In a 2003 poll, almost sixty percent of Americans indicated that they favored trying violent youths in adult criminal courts instead of juvenile courts. (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 503) Within the United States juvenile courts, it depends on which state a juvenile resides in to determine what the minimum age is that they would be tried as an adult offender. For instance, in Utah, the minimum age is 14-15 years old, which is among the eldest in the country. In Arizona, there is no age minimum to which a juvenile can be tried as an adult. Today, Juveniles do not possess the same constitutional rights when charged with a crime as adults do. Such as, they do not have the right to a jury trial, but they do obtain the right to probable cause needed to search a minor. The objective of this is give focus to th e juvenile, not the crime. Criminal behavior is defined as a behavior under violation of governmental laws that are punishable by law. Juvenile criminal behavior includes carrying weapons, participating in physical fights, driving under the influence, stealing, vandalism, etc. Research leads people to believe that by the age of fourteen, people have the same mental ability to make the adequate decisions adults (those eighteen and older) make. Essentially, distinguishing what is right and what is wrong. Although, the human brain does not stop developing until approximately the age of 25. This being so, people under this age do not have the same thinking process as people 25 and older. Which could result in poor decision making. This does not mean that they should not be punished for making poor decisions, but that the standards should be different for the different age groups. The american juvenile system strives to control and prevent misbehavior and serious acts committed by minors. The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) compiles official data on crime in the United States, published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). According to the UCR in 2010, juveniles accounted for 13.7 percent of violent crime arrests, and 12.6 percent of general criminal arrests. To break it down by category of crime, juveniles were responsible for 9 percent of all murder arrests, 11 percent of all aggravated assault arrests, 14 percent of all forcible rapes, 20 percent of all weapon arrests, 24 percent of all robbery arrests, 23 percent of all Part 1 property crimes, and 10 percent of all drug offenses. (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 509) There are many strategies to prevent juvenile delinquency. Such as school and community based programs like the D.A.R.E and neighborhood watch programs. There is a track system the juvenile justice system must follow. The track system first goes through a referral from either a non law enforcement source or a law enforcement source. The referral leads to the intake which can result in detention, being diverted from the juvenile justice system, waiver to the adult court, or it can go into formal processing. When it gets to formal processing, it will either get a waiver into the adult court, or it will flow into adjudication. Once it hits adjunction, the defendant will either be found guilty or not guilty. If the defendant is guilty, they will either face the consequence of probation supervision, or secure or nonsecure confinement. Police have stronger authority to juveniles than adults because they have the ability to take youths into custody for status offenses. Status offenses are offenses only prohibited by minors such as violating curfew. Risk factors are any attributes, characteristics or exposures of an individual that increases the likelihood of an event or action. There are four risk factors that are used to explain juvenile delinquent behavior. The factors are age, substance abuse, family issues, and gangs. One way age is correlated with juvenile delinquent behavior is the older a person is, the less likely he or she will exhibit criminal behavior. (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 514) People tend to commit less criminal activity the older they get because we go through events such as marriage and career which tends to mature us and decline interest in criminal behavior. Substance abuse is correlated with juvenile criminal behavior by increasing the probability of violent acts, sexual behavior, health decline, and academic failure. The major criminal behavior caused by substance abuse by a juvenile is driving under the influence. Driving under the influence causes death to nearly 2,500 minors each year. Family issues correspond to juvenile offending behavior by a lack of a parental role model, parental and/or sibling drug abuse, poverty, deprevations (food, shelter, etc), parental/sibling gang relations, etc. Child abuse is defined as mistreatment of children by causing physical, emotional, or sexual damage without any plausible explanation, such as an accident. (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 515) Youths who suffer from child abuse or neglect are at a greater risk for committing criminal acts. Gangs commit delinquency by forming a group with a special shared characteristic to engage in criminal activity together to benefit the group. Youth gang is defined as a self formed group of youths with several identifiable characteristics, including a gang name, and other recognizable symbols, a geographic territory, and participation in illegal activities. (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 515) Gangs have been in the United States since around 1780 and there are still currently around 20,000 gangs throughout the country today. Gang population tends to correlate with juvenile delinquency population. The areas with the highest populations of gangs tend to be in Chicago and Los Angeles, which also happen to be among the highest juvenile criminal behavior populations. Diversity is having different forms of things pertaining to a specific idea. Although there tends to be trends in age, gender, race, and ethnicity, there is diversity throughout juvenile delinquency. For instance, the average gang member is seventeen to eighteen years old. Within the United States, approximately 49 percent of gang members are hispanic, 35 percent are african american, 9 percent are white, and 7 percent belong to other racial and ethnic backgrounds. (Gaines Miller, 2013, p. 516) In conclusion, the juvenile justice system must hold a standard of Parens Patriae. Parens Patriae is defined as a doctrine that allows the state to step in and serve as a guardian for children, the mentally ill, the incompetent, the elderly, or disabled persons who are unable to care for themselves. An example of this is how a judge has power to change custody of a child. When children are put through something as custody of the state, they are more likely to be a participant in juvenile delinquency. Other circumstances that influence juvenile delinquency is exposure to violence, racism, poverty, and culturalism. As a juvenile delinquent goes through the justice system they will experience punishment as well as rehabilitation. The ultimate goal of the American Juvenile Justice System is to ensure public safety, skill development, habilitation, rehabilitation, address treatment needs, and reintegration of youth into the community.

Constitutional Issues And The Scope And Character Of U.s....

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The broad definition of right of speech allows an individual to communicate any idea, the medium being his/her body and property to whoever is interested. Freedom of expression additionally includes receiving, passing on and searching for information through any medium. The first amendment shield s the freedom of speech right of the American citizens. Although there are several clauses to this practice, yet USA is one of the countries, which have provided its people with the freedom to put forward theirShow MoreRelatedThe Supremacy Clause Is The Clause That Establishes The Federal Government s Authority Over State Governments1521 Words   |  7 Pages Supremacy Clause Matthew Newkirk Constitutional Law Mr. Timothy Allmond Wiregrass Georgia Technical College November 19, 2015 â€Æ' Abstract The Supremacy Clause is the clause that establishes the federal government’s authority over state governments. The Supremacy Clause is found in the U.S. Constitution in Clause Two of Article Six. 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The Holocaust And The Rwanda Genocide - 1629 Words

The mind of a survivor of genocide can be various, violent, confused, or blank, it can scar the mind indefinitely or not. Not only are the conductors of the kill-spree are scary, but even the victims can be just as terrifying. Two examples of genocide are the Holocaust and the Rwanda Genocide, both of which gives off long ranges of psychological effects on the mind of those who survive. Survivors struggle through the tragic events with the hope they would soon find and be with their loved ones. So how does a survivor survive the experience of genocide? Although survival is key during the event of a mass genocide, the experience victims go through can wreak havoc upon the mindset, go into depression or even sometimes to help them strive to a better future. The experience of a mass genocide can change a person, for the better or for the worse, many go under much stress, go through symptoms such as PTSD and become scarred mentally and/or physically. At the end of the Holocaust in World War II, survivors contained poor psychological well-being, mental scars for which they experience PTSD or post-traumatic symptoms. After having to go through the experience of genocide, survivors go through many phases, and mental and physical symptoms and PTSD is one of many symptoms survivors can go through. (Holocaust) (â€Å"Psychological Pain of Survivors†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ par.8) â€Å"One way survivors coped with the prolonged horrors of the Holocaust was to sustain the hope of reuniting with their families.† AsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Holocaust and Rwanda Genocides787 Words   |  4 Pagestheir terrorizing reign of Germany and throughout Europe and the Hutus horrific acts of genocide that happened because of a culmination of deep ethnic tens ions brewing over a century and intense political corruption. 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Using the Greek word â€Å"geno-â€Å", meaning race or tribe, as well as the Latin word â€Å"-cide† for killing, he formed the word â€Å"genocide† (History.com Staff). According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the term holocaust means, â€Å"Any ofRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1654 Words   |  7 PagesRwandan Genocide A genocide is defined as the deliberate killing of a group of people, especially of a certain ethnicity. By that definition and almost any other a dictionary could define, the killing of the Tutsis was certainly a genocide.The Rwandan Genocide occurred in 1994, in an African country called Rwanda. A long history of building friction between the Hutus and the Tutsis undeniably caused the mass murder of over 800,000 Tutsis, but various countries’ failure to act allowed the genocide to goRead MoreThe Rwanda Genocide Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesthe characteristics of the Rwanda Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust. The Rwanda Genocide targeted the Tutsis because of their ethnicity, while the Holocaust targeted the Jews because of their ethnicity and religion. To really understand the Rwandan Genocide and the Final Solution, one must understand the background of the two exterminated peoples. The Tutsis are an ethnic group that resides in the African Great Lakes region. During the Europeans settlements in Rwanda, the colonists need an identifier

Vendor and Purchaser Law

Question: Discuss about the Vendor and Purchaser Law. Answer: Bakhos v Fenner Anor [2007] NSWSC 641 Issue According to the case study, the plaintiff has been alleged the defendant for the firing and damaging the property. Therefore now the issue has been found that whether the fondant is liable for the damage of the property? Relevant Legislation and Case Law According to the case study, the sustainable damages are not considered as damage until it makes any conflict with the rights of the buyer. Therefore when a risk is identified then it is important to prove the damages due to the negligence by the defendant towards the plaintiff. The sec- 66L of the Conveyancing Act 1999 defines the power to rescind where land substantially damaged. Therefore in this act, it is defined that when it is found that the land is found to be substantially damaged and it only granted after the making of a contract for the sale of any land. If any risk is found for the damages then it only applicable when the damage is passed due to the risks therefore the purchaser swill have the rights to rescind the said contract by servings in writing in between a particular time. This is a case between Tony Bakhos vs. Regula Fenner and Rolf Maximillian Fenner where the Supreme Court of New South Wales equity division has give the judgment about the claim of the plaintiff where they demanded damages caused from defendant and the section 66(L) of the Conveyancing Act 1999 provided such power to rescind where land substantially damaged. The issue of the case occurs when the property was damage due to the firing and later the court has found that the damage was minor and that land was not much substantially damaged. Under Section 55 (2A) of the Conveyancing Act 1999 defines the right of purchaser to recover the deposit amount. Therefore according to the contract if the parties has some specific performance which would not be enforced against the purchaser as per the order of the court and if any defect has been found due to the vendors title therefore the purchaser will not held liable to rescind the contract and he also has the power to recover the deposits or any other installments. It also provides the given due to the Purchase and relief from all the liability in this matter a contract also holds a stipulation including the purchaser from objective regarding the payment. Now when the fire is occurred in that property, the defendant also not present on that place. It has been found that it was unoccupied due to the fire. The damage caused according to the division 7 of part 4 of the Conveyancing Act 1999 and it defines according to the 66 (L) (I) where it has been mentioned that a purchaser has the powers on right to rescind the contract where the property is substantially damaged after making the contract. Analysis According to the case study the fact is the plaintiff who is the purchaser has make a contract to buy a house property buy a contract for sale of land with the vendor who is the defendant Ms Regula Fenner, and Mr Peter Voglsinger who are on the property owner as joint tenants. The purchase price was $1,400,000 where they have decided to payment the amount in installment which will helpful to not raise any difficulty. Therefore after some days of fire have been occured in that house property when the defendants were not present and it also found that the house was unoccupied due to the fire the house was damaged. When a residential property is damaged then the liability does not pass to the buyer until he make the completion of the before seller is found responsible for the property. If any damage occur but it would be different if the buyer take the position of the property early then the risk and the damaged all will be liable for the buyer. The substantial damage the buyer can resigned the contract within 20 days of time before there were about the damage and the buyer also have right to receive back the deposit amount and must released from any obligation under this contract. It is only not acceptable if any damage is caused due to some negligence by the buyer. In some cases if it is found the damage are substantial and still the buyer want to proceed with the contract purchasing. Then buyer has no right to forced to perform the contract if it is found in equitable to complete the selling. Now in this case due to the fire of the property smoke damaged, the windows have been settled and th e carpets are burn and two shillings was again affected by the Firefighter. Therefore it is also found that it has not been that substantial damage where the buyers can has rights to resign the purchasing contract for the repudiation of the contract and the seller was also bound to entitle to retain the deposit amount. Conclusion In this case the court has given the decisions that the defendant must give back the damage amount to the buyer because the property damage was not defined as a substantially damaged according to the Conveyancing Act 1999. Urban House v Purnell Bros [2007] NSWSC 1248 Issue According to the case study the issue is whether Urban House and SCL is liable to provide the notice or they have any power to have relief against forfeiture of that deposit amount according to the substantially damage? Relevant Legislation and Case Law The section 66 (L) of Conveyancing Act 1999[1] defines are the signed contract for sale of land which provide the power related to the property where the substantially damage is occur between the contract and there settlement[2]. Therefore land is substantially became damage after the formation of the contract then the damages regarding the risk all passes to the purchaser where it must written to the contract by providing notice in writing and send it to vendor before the completion of the transferred the property to the purchaser[3]. The section 66(K) of Conveyancing Act 1999 defines the times where the damage is occur on the land which is passed to the purchaser and it will not has been transferred until the completion of the sale according to the stipulated time of the contract and the position by the purchaser[4]. The section 66(L) of Conveyancing Act 1999 is defines and described with the contrasted with section 66(M) of Conveyancing Act 1999. Therefore it defines that when the property is damaged after the contract of the sell and before the damage has been transferred to the purchaser then the purchase price can be reduced according to the equitable in the situation. In this matter the provisions is defined whether the property is substantially damaged or not. In this case Urban House and SCL both have purchased the land and after the fire it damage substantially the property[5]. In the passing of raised between the vendor and purchaser of the land is only occur when the law relating insurance or compensation which is been detected due to the damage or any destruction of improvements and the other property on land is being selected for the contract for the sale[6]. Then it will found the raised or the damage of the destruction has been occur between the vendor and purchaser. The terms also included when the benefit of an insurance policy will be issued for the vendor by the purchaser. Therefore when the process has been occur by the insurance policy held by the vendor of the purchaser it should be applied according to the compensation and as per the consequences of the case[7]. In the case of Needham J in Shadlow Anor v Skiadopolous Anor (1988) it has been found that the Conveyancing Act 1999 section 66(m) has made the coordinates with the respect of section 66(a) regarding the substantial damage of the property where the purchaser was not bound to take the responsibilities about the damaged property[8]. Analysis The fact of the case is the plaintiff Urban house Private Limited and SCL Holding Private Limited has purchased a land in a exchange contract from the defendant Purnell Bros Private Limited the purchased property is used for a car service and a service station. However the settlement has been made but due to fire the building was damaged Where are Urban house Private Limited and SCL Holding Private Limited has send a notice for rescission of the contract according to the section 66(l) Conveyancing Act 1999[9] to the defendant Purnell Bros Private Limited for the termination due to the failure of the contract[10]. Into the contract the plaintiffs has been paid $600,000 and they didnt get back the money. Therefore the court proceeding has been made buy them whether they will be get back the money or they are entitled to relieve against any four features of the deposit. Therefore it can be stated that is according to the section 66(a) of the Conveyancing Act 1999[11]. The contract would be unjust or in equitable according to the requirement of the seller when he is bound to complete the sale of land and along with that is that land substantially damaged after the formation of the contract and before the risk has occurred on the damaged which is passes to the purchaser then in that matter[12]. The court has right to refuse the enforcement against the seller for that specific performance of the contract. The order of the repayment of the given money by the purchaser according to the contract and make that ordered as appropriate payment according to the Section 66 of the Conveyancing Act 1999 in th en the court will refuse the enforcement[13]. Therefore the fire has damaged the building and due to the risk of the property it is required to restore the damage part and here it has established the relation to the proportionally of the amount which is involved with the purchase price of the land. The plaintiff has reported that day has been validly rescinding the contract. Therefore the due to the Fire it burn out the land matter really different from that which price has contacted to buy. In that circumstances due to the fire is rendered the building on the land and tenantable therefore they are required to get back there amount. The damage was in substitution for a number of reasons[14]. As because the plaintiffs have intention to make a large development and demolition of the improvement on the land where it does not mean the release of the building is prior to demolish[15]. It is also found that when the contract has been made and until the termination of the contract a property was disused therefore neither of the party h as appeared greatly or they do not have any concern about the possibility of the damage to the structure until the fire has damage the portion of the property[16]. Conclusion In this case studies the substantial damage has been found by the defendant and therefore he is bound to pay the damage amount to the plaintiff and the according to the Section 55 of the Conveyancing Act 1999 the purchaser was being entitled to relief from any forth features and the cross claimed has been failed because the substantial damage has been found where the defendant is bound to pay the damages[17]. Reference Abbey, Robert, and Mark Richards. A practical approach to conveyancing. Oxford University Press, 2017. Bakhos v Fenner Anor [2007] NSWSC 641 Beazley, Margaret. "Judgment writing in final and intermediate courts of appeal." Judicial Officers Bulletin 27.9 (2015): 79. Bray, Judith. Unlocking land law. Routledge, 2016. Needham J in Shadlow Anor v Skiadopolous Anor (1988) NSW ConvR 55-383 Urban House v Purnell Bros [2007] NSWSC 1248 Veitch, Edward. "When the Court Finds a Breach of Fiduciary Obligations, Should Equitable or Legal Remedies Flow." UNBLJ 66 (2015): 200. [1] Abbey, Robert, and Mark Richards. A practical approach to conveyancing. Oxford University Press, 2017. [2] Veitch, Edward. "When the Court Finds a Breach of Fiduciary Obligations, Should Equitable or Legal Remedies Flow." UNBLJ 66 (2015): 200. [3] Beazley, Margaret. "Judgment writing in final and intermediate courts of appeal." Judicial Officers Bulletin 27.9 (2015): 79. [4] Bray, Judith. Unlocking land law. Routledge, 2016. [5] Beazley, Margaret. "Judgment writing in final and intermediate courts of appeal." Judicial Officers Bulletin 27.9 (2015): 79. [6] Veitch, Edward. "When the Court Finds a Breach of Fiduciary Obligations, Should Equitable or Legal Remedies Flow." UNBLJ 66 (2015): 200. [7] Abbey, Robert, and Mark Richards. A practical approach to conveyancing. Oxford University Press, 2017. [8] Bray, Judith. Unlocking land law. Routledge, 2016. [9] Beazley, Margaret. "Judgment writing in final and intermediate courts of appeal." Judicial Officers Bulletin 27.9 (2015): 79. [10] Abbey, Robert, and Mark Richards. A practical approach to conveyancing. Oxford University Press, 2017. [11] Abbey, Robert, and Mark Richards. A practical approach to conveyancing. Oxford University Press, 2017. [12] Veitch, Edward. "When the Court Finds a Breach of Fiduciary Obligations, Should Equitable or Legal Remedies Flow." UNBLJ 66 (2015): 200. [13] Bray, Judith. Unlocking land law. Routledge, 2016. [14] Beazley, Margaret. "Judgment writing in final and intermediate courts of appeal." Judicial Officers Bulletin 27.9 (2015): 79. [15] Veitch, Edward. "When the Court Finds a Breach of Fiduciary Obligations, Should Equitable or Legal Remedies Flow." UNBLJ 66 (2015): 200. [16] Bray, Judith. Unlocking land law. Routledge, 2016. [17] Abbey, Robert, and Mark Richards. A practical approach to conveyancing. Oxford University Press, 2017.

Market Structures and Pricing Strategies

Abstract A market structure is a tool used to determine the pricing power of certain products in diverse firms. Research has shown that there are numerous market structures with unique pricing strategies in place. The price of goods and services in a firm depend on the levels of demand, cost conditions and competition.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Market Structures and Pricing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, price fixation is one of the key managerial functions. It is frequently reviewed to ensure that a firm makes a reasonable profit margin. The market conditions determine the type of market structure and pricing criteria to be used in a particular firm. Moreover, businesses cannot operate in isolation. In other words, a firm requires a robust marketing platform for it to operate effectively. Hence, it is important to select an appropriate market structure for a business to make significant returns. Economists have identified four major market structures that are unique in terms of both operation and effectiveness in meeting the demands of customer. The market structures have been discussed in this paper in relation to pricing strategies. Introduction A market structure can be defined as a core characteristic that makes up a platform for buying and selling goods and services (Samuelson Marks, 2006). It is common knowledge that a market exists when there are buyers, sellers, products, competition, product differentiation as well as the ease of entry or exit. From this definition, Rubin and Dnes (2010) highlight that market structures are individual aspects that influence the behavior of buyers and sellers. Ellickson, Misra and Nair (2012) also define a market structure as the number of firms in a market that are able to produce similar goods or services. The nature of a market structure greatly influences the behavior of producers. Therefore, it affects the market price of a particular commodity or service (Rubin Dnes, 2010). In addition, a market environment affects the supply of commodities and equally creates barriers for entry. This paper discusses some of the notable market structure by analyzing their pricing strategies alongside relevant examples. Perfect Competition Description This describes a situation whereby a firm does not have a particular independent pricing policy. Therefore, firms that embrace this market structure have to comply with the prevailing market prices (Samuelson Marks, 2006). At this point, a firm is at liberty to market its goods and services.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lack of control over a market often creates an open platform for buyers to choose less costly products. If a firm sets very high prices in a marketplace, it might end up making few or no sale at all.†¨It is imp ortant to note that in this type of a market structure, there is no specified price for certain quality or quantity of goods (Rubin Dnes, 2010). Therefore, it is upon the seller to decide which quantity to offer and at what price. Typical firms have no influence over demand and supply because new sellers enter the market as they wish. Ellickson et al (2012) assert that typical competitors in such a market end up earning no profit at all. Rubin and Dnes (2010) point out that there are no barriers to enter or exit such a market structure since there are unlimited number of both sellers and buyers. From an economic perspective, this market structure exists when firms produce similar and standardized products. It implies that different firms only compete for prices. Moreover, buyers are aware that price competition exists. Therefore, all the available products must be sold at a common or poplar market price (Rubin Dnes, 2010). Both consumers and firms also tend to countercheck the pri ce even though they have no direct influence on the market. In order for a firm to maintain its customers, it is compelled to sell either at the prevailing market price or at a lower price altogether (Samuelson Marks, 2006). Therefore, firms end up selling a small proportion of their total output. Pricing Strategies Prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand. It is worth to note that there is perfect substitution where all firms produce homogenous, standardized and undifferentiated products. At this point, the demand curve in each firm is perfectly elastic and horizontal to the price line (Rubin Dnes, 2010). This implies that a firm can only sell some of its output without altering the price. Any slight increase in price results into lack of sales since buyers tend to resort to a substitute from other competitors. In this type of a market structure, the â€Å"law of one price† does not change and all market transactions are done at the same price (Samuelson M arks, 2006). Monopolistic competition Description In this type of a market structure, a firm ignores a market price and sets it own pricing without considering the causal effects of other firms with different prices. In this case, a group of producers offer a common product that is not identical. Therefore, it triggers competition.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Market Structures and Pricing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Firms deliberately differentiate their products and set prices that are competitive in nature (Samuelson Marks, 2006). It is important to note that there are no market barriers. Monopolistic competition resembles a perfect competition model except that the products of the former are different. Pricing Strategies Firms set their own prices that are different from those of competitors since products sold are also differentiated in terms of quality and quantity. In this cas e, firms aim to create brand names by reinforcing product differences (Rubin Dnes, 2010). Product differentiation is one of the strategies that enable producers to set high prices without necessarily losing market dominance to competitors. It is worth to note that the demand is elastic hence; firms can increase their prices whenever they wish to do so (Samuelson Marks, 2006). Oligopoly Description In this case, about three sellers occupy a larger share in a particular market. The firms may experience price wars as they compete against each other for maximum gains. Increasing prices affects the volume of sales of other firms (Ellickson et al., 2012). For instance, when one of the competing firms increases its market prices, consumers will obviously buy from the competitors. Therefore, producers must assess the impacts of their decisions in order to decrease or increase prices. It is worth to note that few sellers in the market may be rivals. This may eventually lead to conflict (Sa muelson Marks, 2006). However, there is great ease of entry into the market unlike the case with a monopolistic structure. Pricing Strategies Sellers first understand the behavior of consumers before setting prices. The pricing policy of an individual producer affects others. Therefore, there is an element of price rigidity that compels producers to opt for non-price competition (Samuelson Marks, 2006). At this point, prices are no longer depicted by demand and supply. Prices are set after critical, interactive and strategic thinking (Samuelson Marks, 2006). The fate of oligopoly pricing strategy is interdependent even though it is determined by economic factors such as consumers’ tastes and preferences.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Monopoly Description This refers to a market structure whereby there is only one seller of a particular product. In other words, a single firm in the market offers goods or services to consumers. Nonetheless, pure monopolies are rare. From the statistical review of literature, it is evident that a monopolistic market generates approximately 3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the developed economies such as the US and UK (Samuelson Marks, 2006). Hence, monopoly exists when 90% of the market is dominated by a single firm. Rubin and Dnes (2010) elucidate that barriers to market entry are common in this type of market structure. This is a precondition that is deliberately set to prevent other firms from venturing into the market (Rubin Dnes, 2010). Furthermore, there are no perfect substitutes. Consumers have no choices to make since they have to buy products available in the market. Pricing Strategies Prices of goods and services are determined by single players in this type o f a market structure. Most monopolists use trial and error method when pricing their products. Ellickson et al (2012) argue that monopolists also determine prices by balances profits and losses. When a firm reaches an equilibrium point where marginal costs are in the same level with marginal returns, monopolists decide their best market price (Samuelson Marks, 2006). Usually, monopolists set higher prices that generate maximum gains. However, a firm may differentiate prices for various buyers in diverse regions. The price differentiation approach depends on the elasticity of demand. Dumping is also a pricing strategy used by monopolists (Rubin Dnes, 2010). In this regard, products fetch higher prices at the domestic market than in the international platform. However, monopolists do not just escalate prices. In other words, the optimal price is influenced by demand (Ellickson et al., 2012). Case Study with examples In the last few years, intense competition has been witnessed among telecommunication companies that supply cables, satellites and other communication services. Broadcasting networks have also exercised perfect competition for several decades. Internet service providers and social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Google plus have thrived in perfect competition (Samuelson Marks, 2006). This has greatly encouraged other service providers to venture into the market.  Besides, firms that produce and sell foodstuffs such as fast food restaurants and supermarket outlets exercise monopolistic competition. These sellers produce diverse brands that appeal to the larger market niche (Samuelson Marks, 2006). The deregulation of products’ varieties and discounts gives clients the freedom to purchase goods or services that they can afford.  In the United States, there are limited number of organizations that offer similar services and products. For instance, the Airbus and Boeing companies are renowned aircraft companies tha t compete against each other (Samuelson Marks, 2006). There are also hybrid automobiles that compete with traditional gasoline-powered automobiles. World-renowned soft drink companies such as Coca Cola and Pespi compete through pricing strategies thereby making the market to be oligopolistic in nature (Samuelson Marks, 2006). Some countries such as the US and India give firms and business people exclusive rights to sell their inventions for a specified period. Therefore, some firms have patents that grant them authority to sell their products for a period of 10 years (Samuelson Marks, 2006). This prevents other people from copying, processing or applying such ideas. A good example is the Microsoft Company that deals with computer software. It spearheads monopoly by preventing the entry of other compute software companies into the market (Samuelson Marks, 2006). Governments have been known to allow lawful monopolies for a given length of time. Conclusion From the above discussion , it is explicit that a market environment influences pricing strategies. There are four major market structures. These market structures have diverse attributes such as the degree of barrier to market access, the extent to which a firm controls the price, and the number of sellers. In monopolistic and perfect competition, there are numerous sellers hence there is no entry barrier into the market. Therefore, producers set prices that are influenced by elasticity of demand. In oligopoly, there are a few sellers competing against each other and prices are determined by other economic factors apart from demand and supply. There are significant but less prohibitive market barriers and price rigidity in oligopolistic markets. Contrastingly, a monopoly has a single firm supplying and determining the price of products in a market. There are numerous barriers that prevent other potential sellers from entering a monopolistic market. References Ellickson, P. B., Misra, S., Nair, H. S. (2012) . Repositioning Dynamics and Pricing Strategy. Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), 49(6), 750-772. Rubin, P. H., Dnes, A. W. (2010). Managerial economics: a forward looking assessment. Managerial Decision Economics, 31(8), 497-501. Samuelson, W., Marks, S. G. (2006). Managerial economics. Boston: John Wiley Sons, Inc. 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